Oh‐Hoon Kwon

The dynamics of excited-state double proton transfer of model DNA base pairs, 7-azaindole dimers, is reported using femtosecond fluorescence spectroscopy. To elucidate the nature of the transfer in the condensed phase, here we examine variation of solvent polarity and viscosity, solute concentration, and isotopic fractionation. The rate of proton transfer is found to be significantly dependent on polarity and on the isotopic composition in the pair. Consistent with a stepwise mechanism, the resu

Electron tomography provides three-dimensional (3D) imaging of noncrystalline and crystalline equilibrium structures, as well as elemental volume composition, of materials and biological specimens, including those of viruses and cells. We report the development of 4D electron tomography by integrating the fourth dimension (time resolution) with the 3D spatial resolution obtained from a complete tilt series of 2D projections of an object. The different time frames of tomograms constitute a movie

Proton relay in cyclic 7-hydroxyquinoline–(alcohol)2 complexes (see picture) has been explored in nonpolar solvents. The asymmetric triple proton transfer has an unusually large, temperature-independent, and viscosity-dependent kinetic isotope effect. Heavy-atom motions (wavy arrow) of solvent and bridging molecules allow proton tunneling by assisting the complex to reach the optimal precursor configuration. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-v

With four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy, we report in situ imaging of the mechanical drumming of a nanoscale material. The single crystal graphite film is found to exhibit global resonance motion that is fully reversible and follows the same evolution after each initiating stress pulse. At early times, the motion appears "chaotic" showing the different mechanical modes present over the micron scale. At longer time, the motion of the thin film collapses into a well-defined fundamental freq

Bridging alcohols, tunneling protons: The intrinsic proton-transfer dynamics of cyclic H-bonded 1:1 7-azaindole/alcohol complexes in n-alkanes has been investigated at the lowest-lying excited singlet state with variation of alcohol, solvent, isotope, and temperature by using static and time-resolved spectroscopy. The proton transfer occurs asymmetrically, and the rate is governed by tunneling although it is assisted by heavy-atom motions.

Water-protein interactions dictate many processes crucial to protein function including folding, dynamics, interactions with other biomolecules, and enzymatic catalysis. Here we examine the effect of surface fluorination on water-protein interactions. Modification of designed coiled-coil proteins by incorporation of 5,5,5-trifluoroleucine or (4S)-2-amino-4-methylhexanoic acid enables systematic examination of the effects of side-chain volume and fluorination on solvation dynamics. Using ultrafas

Macromolecular conformation dynamics, which span a wide range of time scales, are fundamental to the understanding of properties and functions of their structures. Here, we report direct imaging of structural dynamics of helical macromolecules over the time scales of conformational dynamics (ns to subsecond) by means of four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy in the single-pulse and stroboscopic modes. With temporally controlled electron dosage, both diffraction and real-space images are obtai

The excited-state proton-transfer dynamics of 7-azaindole occurring in the water nanopools of reverse micelles has been investigated by measuring time-resolved fluorescence spectra and kinetics, as well as static absorption and emission spectra, with varying water content and isotope. 7-Azaindole molecules are found to exist in the bound-water regions of reverse micelles. The rate constant and the kinetic isotope effect of proton transfer are smaller than those in bulk water although both increa

The tunable photoluminescence of carbon-based nanomaterials has received much attention for a wide range of applications. Herein, a unique, broad-solvatochromic hybrid carbon nanosheet (CNS) synthesized through the hydrothermal carbonization of molecular precursors exploiting graphene oxide as a template is reported, resulting in the formation of clusters of carbon nanorings on the surface of graphene-oxide nanosheets. Under UV and visible-light excitation, the hybrid CNS exhibits tunable emissi

The excited-state tautomerization dynamics of 7-hydroxyquinoline in the water pools of reverse micelles has been investigated by monitoring time-resolved fluorescence spectra and kinetics as well as static absorption and emission spectra with a variation of water content and isotopic fractionation. The normal and the tautomeric species are found to reside preferentially in the bound- and the free-water regions of the micelles, respectively. The excited-state tautomerization of the normal species

In many physical and biological systems the transition from an amorphous to ordered native structure involves complex energy landscapes, and understanding such transformations requires not only their thermodynamics but also the structural dynamics during the process. Here, we extend our 4D visualization method with electron imaging to include the study of irreversible processes with a single pulse in the same ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) as used before in the single-electron mode for the

Carbon dots (CDs) have potential applications in various fields such as energy, catalysis, and bioimaging due to their strong and tuneable photoluminescence (PL), low toxicity, and robust chemical inertness. Although several PL mechanisms have been proposed, the origin of PL in CDs is still in debate because of the ensembled nature of the heterogeneous luminophores present in the CDs. To unravel the origin of PL in CDs, we performed time-resolved spectroscopy on two types of CDs: nitrogen-doped

Black phosphorus (BP) is an elemental layered material with a strong in-plane anisotropic structure. This structure is accompanied by anisotropic optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Despite interest in BP from both fundamental and technical aspects, investigation into the structural dynamics of BP caused by strain fields, which are prevalent for two-dimensional (2D) materials and tune the material physical properties, has been overlooked. Here, we report the morphological dy

Flash memory has more capacity and a lower price. It makes flash memory more suitable for portable consumer electronics. Portable consumer electronics such as table PC and smart phones use NAND flash memory as a secondary storage because it has many attractive features such as small size, fast access speeds, and light weight. The portable consumer electronics with NAND flash memory exploit a "demand paging" to run applications, and also use a "swapping" to extend a limited main memory space. How