Sukbok Chang

One-pot co-catalyst systems are covered in this tutorial review. It is divided into three sections according to the reaction types: i) one catalyst performs a desired reaction as the second catalyst restores the first catalytic species back into its original state for the next catalytic cycles, ii) two catalysts carry out sequential organic transformations, in which the first step is carried out by one catalyst to afford certain intermediates being to be subjected to the second catalyst for the

A procedure for the [Cp*Co(III)]-catalyzed direct C-H amidation of arenes with dioxazolone has been developed. This reaction proceeds under straightforward and mild conditions with a broad range of substrates, including anilides. A comparative study on the catalytic activity of Group 9 [{Cp*MCl2}2] complexes revealed the unique efficiency of the cobalt catalyst.

Aromatic nitriles are prepared efficiently through transition-metal-mediated cyanation of aryl (pseudo)halides with metallic cyano-group sources, such as CuCN, KCN, NaCN, Zn(CN)(2), TMSCN, or K(4) [Fe(CN)(6)]. However, this approach often suffers from drawbacks, such as the formation of stoichiometric amounts of metal waste, the poisoning of the metal catalysts, or the generation of toxic HCN gas. As a result, a range of "nonmetallic" organic cyano-group sources have been explored for the cyanat

No muss, no fuss: A rhodium-catalyzed direct intermolecular C-H amination of benzamides and ketoximes using aryl azides as the amine source has been developed. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope with excellent functional-group tolerance, requires no external oxidants, releases N(2) as the only by-product, and produces diarylamines in high yields.

An iridium-catalyzed direct C-H amidation of weakly coordinating substrates, in particular of those bearing ester and ketone groups, under very mild conditions has been developed. The observed high reaction efficiency was achieved by the combined use of acetic acid and lithium carbonate as additives.

A bonding moment: A new cobalt- or manganese-catalyzed amination of azoles has been developed using peroxide and an acid additive to couple various types of azoles with ammonia, and primary or secondary amines (see scheme). The catalyst loadings are low, the optimal reaction conditions are mild, and the substrate scope is broad. The product azoles are an important pharmacophore of high biological activity.

Whereas alkyl and aryl azides readily react with terminal alkynes to afford 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles in excellent yields and selectivity in the presence of a copper catalyst, sulfonyl, phosphoryl, and certain acyl azides allow additional chemistry upon ring-opening of the corresponding copper-triazole intermediates. The amazingly versatile new chemistry stems from the high reactivity of a ring-opened ketenimine intermediate, with which a wide range of nucleophiles react to give multicom

Catalytic reactions that construct carbon-nitrogen bonds are one of central themes in both synthetic and medicinal chemistry since the obtainable nitrogen-containing motifs are commonly encountered in natural products and have also seen a growing prominence as key structural features in marketed drugs and preclinical candidates. Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings, such as Buchwald-Hartwig amination, are at the forefront of such synthetic methods in practical settings. However, they require prefunction

Convenient and inexpensive ammonium salts such as NH(4)Cl and aqueous NH(3) solution are found to be readily utilized in the Cu-catalyzed room temperature N-arylation of aryl halides, providing N-unprotected aniline derivatives in high yields.

A novel series of Schiff-base-substituted ruthenium carbene complexes have been prepared by the treatment of RuCl2(CHPh)(PCy3)2 with a variety of Schiff-base ligands as the thallium salts. Modification of the Schiff-base electronic and/or structural substituents allowed for the tuning of the complexes activities in olefin metathesis reactions. The structures of the complexes were unambiguously characterized by NMR studies and X-ray analysis. These newly prepared complexes are highly stable to ai

Dearomatized N-heterocycles are an important class of structural motifs for organic synthesis and chemical biology. The catalytic dearomative reduction of unactivated N-heteroarenes using silicon and/or boron-containing compounds as a reductant is one of the most straightforward alternatives to hydrogenation. However, thus far, there are few reported examples on the catalytic reduction of N-heteroaromatic compounds with silane or borane reducing agents. This Review presents recent advances in th

While remarkable progress has been made over the past decade, new design strategies for chiral catalysts in enantioselective C(sp³)-H functionalization reactions are still highly desirable. In particular, the ability to use attractive noncovalent interactions for rate acceleration and enantiocontrol would significantly expand the current arsenal for asymmetric metal catalysis. Herein, we report the development of a highly enantioselective Ir(III)-catalyzed intramolecular C(sp<sup>3</s

A change in reaction pathway was achieved for the first time by tuning the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand used for the rhodium-catalyzed cyclization of benzamides with conjugated enynones. Depending on the Cp ligand, the reaction pathway switched between [4+2] and [4+1] annulation. Electronic effects turned out to be crucial for the product distribution. The dichotomy was attributed to the alteration of the Lewis acidity of the resultant Cp-bound rhodium species.

C-H activation: The ruthenium-catalyzed direct sp(2) C-H amidation of arenes by using sulfonyl azides as the amino source is presented (see scheme). A wide range of substrates were readily amidated including arenes bearing weakly coordinating groups. Synthetic utility of the thus obtained products was demonstrated in the preparation of biologically active heterocycles.