Hojoon Sohn

BACKGROUND: Failing to account for the resources required to successfully implement public health interventions can lead to an underestimation of costs and budget impact, optimistic cost-effectiveness estimates, and ultimately a disconnect between published evidence and public health decision-making. METHODS: We developed a conceptual framework for assessing implementation costs. We illustrate the use of this framework with case studies involving interventions for tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS in re

BACKGROUND: Xpert MTB/RIF, the first automated molecular test for tuberculosis, is transforming the diagnostic landscape in low-income countries. However, little information is available on its performance in low-incidence, high-resource countries. METHODS: We evaluated the accuracy of Xpert in a university hospital tuberculosis clinic in Montreal, Canada, for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis on induced sputum samples, using mycobacterial cultures as the reference standard. We also assess

Tuberculosis continues to be a major global health problem. Lack of accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests poses a huge obstacle to global TB control. While several new diagnostic tools are being developed and evaluated for TB, it is important that new tools are introduced for widespread use only after careful validation of accuracy, impact as well as cost-effectiveness in real-world settings. While there are large numbers of studies on the accuracy of TB diagnostic tests, there are

BACKGROUND: Countries with high TB burden have expanded access to molecular diagnostic tests. However, their impact on reducing delays in TB diagnosis and treatment has not been assessed. Our primary aim was to summarize the quantitative evidence on the impact of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) on diagnostic and treatment delays compared to that of the standard of care for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DS-TB and DR-TB). METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Scien

INTRODUCTION: Active-case finding (ACF) programs have an important role in addressing case detection gaps and halting tuberculosis (TB) transmission. Evidence is limited on the cost-effectiveness of ACF interventions, particularly on how their value is impacted by different operational, epidemiological and patient care-seeking patterns. METHODS: We evaluated the costs and cost-effectiveness of a combined facility and community-based ACF intervention in Zambia that utilized mobile chest X-ray wit

BACKGROUND: India and many other high-burden countries have committed to providing universal access to high-quality diagnosis and drug susceptibility testing (DST) for tuberculosis (TB), but the most cost-effective approach to achieve this goal remains uncertain. Centralized testing at district-level hub facilities with a supporting sample transport network can generate economies of scale, but decentralization to the peripheral level may provide faster diagnosis and reduce losses to follow-up (L

BACKGROUND: Decentralised molecular testing for tuberculosis could reduce missed diagnoses and losses to follow-up in high-burden settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost and cost-effectiveness of the Xpert Performance Evaluation for Linkage to Tuberculosis Care (XPEL-TB) study strategy, a multicomponent strategy including decentralised molecular testing for tuberculosis, in Uganda. METHODS: We conducted a costing and cost-effectiveness analysis nested in a pragmatic cluster-rand

Active case-finding (ACF) is an important component of the End TB Strategy. However, ACF is resource-intensive, and the economics of ACF are not well-understood. Data on the costs of ACF are limited, with little consistency in the units and methods used to estimate and report costs. Mathematical models to forecast the long-term effects of ACF require empirical measurements of the yield, timing and costs of case detection. Pragmatic trials offer an opportunity to assess the cost-effectiveness of

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Diagnostic test accuracy). The objectives are as follows: Primary objectives Review question A: To obtain summary estimates of the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB, using solid or liquid culture as a reference standard. Purpose of index test: A.1 Xpert MTB/RIF as a replacement test for smear microscopy. A.2. Xpert MTB/RIF as an add‐on test after smear microscopy. Review question B: To obtain summary estimates of the

Results from two contextually and programmatically different multi-component ACF programs demonstrate that our tool is fully capable of comprehensively and transparently evaluating and comparing costs of various ACF programs.

Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) microscopy is the primary method for acid-fast bacilli examination in resource-limited settings, including Thailand. Despite its considerably improved diagnostic performance, conventional fluorescent microscopy (FM) is rarely used due to its perceived high cost. An evaluation in Thailand found that the total cost of FM operated in the National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NTRL) in Bangkok, Thailand, is similar to that of ZN performed in the NTRL and in four regional Thai

Xpert test and outreach program costs within and across study sites were mainly driven by the dynamics of Xpert testing demand resulting from the combined outreach activities. However, these increases in demand required considerable overtime work resulting in additional costs and operational challenges at the study laboratories. Therefore, careful laboratory operational adjustment should be evaluated at target areas in parallel to the anticipated demand from the Xpert referral outreach program s

BACKGROUND: The mass scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Zambia has taken place in the context of limited infrastructure and human resources resulting in many operational side-effects. In this study, we aimed to empirically measure current workload of ART clinic staff and patient wait times and service utilization. METHODS: We conducted time and motion (TAM) studies from both the healthcare worker (HCW) and patient perspectives at 10 ART clinics throughout Zambia. Trained personnel recor

The TST-alone strategy was the most cost-effective; the QFT-GIT-alone strategy averted the greatest number of TB cases but incurred the highest cost in contact investigation for school TB outbreaks.