What Is AMOS? Structural Equation Modeling Features and Procedure
Daniel Ha · Seoul National University PhD StudentWhat Is AMOS?
AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures) estimates a structural equation model directly from a diagram of latent variables, observed variables, and paths that you draw. Its defining feature is that you specify the model by drawing a path diagram rather than writing code.
What Do You Use AMOS For?
It covers structural equation modeling end to end, from validating a measurement model to testing complex causal models.
| Analysis | Content |
|---|---|
| Confirmatory factor analysis | Validity of the measurement instrument |
| Path analysis | Estimating causal paths among variables |
| Mediation and moderation tests | Indirect effects via bootstrapping |
| Multi-group analysis | Comparing path differences between groups |
How Does an AMOS Analysis Proceed?
Draw the model, connect the data, then estimate and evaluate.
Step 1: Draw the Path Diagram
Build the theoretical model by drawing latent variables (ellipses), observed variables (rectangles), error terms, and paths.
Step 2: Connect the Data and Estimate
Link the SPSS data file, choose an estimation method (usually maximum likelihood), and run the analysis.
Step 3: Validate the Measurement Model
Use confirmatory factor analysis to check convergent and discriminant validity.
Step 4: Evaluate Fit and Refine
Review the fit indices and, if needed, consult modification indices (MI) to refine the model within theoretically defensible limits.
How Do AMOS and SPSS Differ?
SPSS handles general statistics such as regression and ANOVA, while AMOS handles structural equation models that include latent variables. Because AMOS accounts for measurement error and tests many paths simultaneously, it suits more complex theoretical models than regression analysis can accommodate.
How Do You Read the Fit Indices?
Read several together. Conventionally CFI and TLI at 0.9 or above, RMSEA at 0.08 or below, and SRMR at 0.08 or below indicate acceptable fit. Chi-square becomes significant easily with large samples, so it is not judged on its own.
Summary
AMOS analyzes structural equation models through drawing the path diagram, connecting data and estimating, validating the measurement model, and evaluating fit. Draw the model from theory, and interpret the structural model only once the measurement model fits. For the underlying concepts, see structural equation modeling and factor analysis.