[论文解读] A faster polynomial-space algorithm for Hamiltonian cycle parameterized by treedepth
本文提出一种随机化多项式空间算法,在给定消去森林深度为 τ 的图上,以 4^{τ} n^{O(1)} 的时间解决部分循环覆盖和 Hamiltonian Cycle,比之前的 5^{τ} 上界通过使用一致匹配和包含-排除框架有所改进。
A large number of NP-hard graph problems can be solved in $f(w)n^{O(1)}$ time and space when the input graph is provided together with a tree decomposition of width $w$, in many cases with a modest exponential dependence $f(w)$ on $w$. Moreover, assuming the Strong Exponential-Time Hypothesis (SETH) we have essentially matching lower bounds for many such problems. They main drawback of these results is that the corresponding dynamic programming algorithms use exponential space, which makes them infeasible for larger $w$, and there is some evidence that this cannot be avoided. This motivates using somewhat more restrictive structure/decompositions of the graph to also get good (exponential) dependence on the corresponding parameter but use only polynomial space. A number of papers have contributed to this quest by studying problems relative to treedepth, and have obtained fast polynomial space algorithms, often matching the dependence on treewidth in the time bound. E.g., a number of connectivity problems could be solved by adapting the cut-and-count technique of Cygan et al. (FOCS 2011, TALG 2022) to treedepth, but this excluded well-known path and cycle problems such as Hamiltonian Cycle (Hegerfeld and Kratsch, STACS 2020). Recently, Nederlof et al. (SIDMA 2023) showed how to solve Hamiltonian Cycle, and several related problems, in $5^τn^{O(1)}$ randomized time and polynomial space when provided with an elimination forest of depth $τ$. We present a faster (also randomized) algorithm, running in $4^τn^{O(1)}$ time and polynomial space, for the same set of problems. We use ordered pairs of what we call consistent matchings, rather than perfect matchings in an auxiliary graph, to get the improved time bound.
研究动机与目标
- 在结构参数如 treedepth 下,激发对快速、空间高效的 NP 困难图问题算法的研究。
- 证明对 treedepth 的单指数依赖的多项式空间算法对于 Hamiltonian Cycle 及相关问题是可行的。
- 开发基于一致匹配的新计数方法以实现改进的时间界。
- 提供一种蒙特卡罗算法,在保持多项式空间的同时避免假阳性。
提出的方法
- 定义并使用一致匹配 M1 和 M2(M1 ∩ M2 = ∅ 且 V(M1) = V(M2))来表示部分循环覆盖。
- 将部分循环覆盖化简为二部图设置,以确保循环长度为偶数。
- Develop an inclusion-exclusion formula to count ordered pairs of consistent matchings with given cardinality and weight (|Mw,ℓ|).
- 引入两个多项式结构 P_(v)(J) 和 Q_[v](J′) 来管理沿着消去森林的贡献。
- 在深度 τ 的消去树上递归地计算计数多项式,以在 4^{τ} n^{O(1)} 时间并使用多项式空间获得 |M_{w,ℓ}|。
- 应用 isolation 引理以高概率将问题简化为唯一的最小权重部分循环覆盖,从而通过模 2^{k+1} 计数实现检测。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1是否可以在多项式空间内实现对 treedepth 单指数依赖的 Hamiltonian Cycle 及相关路径/循环问题的求解?
- RQ2在使用以 treedepth 为参数的多项式空间方法时,指数依赖的底数是多少?
- RQ3如何利用一致匹配来替代辅助构造中的完美匹配以构造循环覆盖?
- RQ4包含-排除框架是否可以推广到部分循环覆盖及带权变体(在多项式空间内)?
- RQ5随机 isolation 技术是否能在 treedepth 参数化下对这些问题给出带可控误差的正确判定?
主要发现
- 在给定图及深度为 τ 的消去森林的条件下,存在一个 4^{τ} n^{O(1)} 时间与多项式空间的 Monte-Carlo 算法用于部分循环覆盖和 Hamiltonian Cycle。
- 该算法无假阳性,假阴性的概率最多为 1/2。
- 两个关键多项式 P_(v)(J) 和 Q_[v](J′) 使沿着消去森林的子问题的递归组合成为可能,以计算一致匹配的有序对计数。
- 将问题简化为二部结构确保部分循环覆盖由偶长度循环构成,便于计数方法。
- 该方法可推广到若干路径与循环问题,针对 Hamiltonian Cycle、Hamiltonian Path、Long Cycle、Long Path 以及 Min Cycle Cover 获得相同的时间/空间界。
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