[论文解读] AGN and QSOs in the eROSITA All-Sky Survey -- Part I: Statistical properties
本文利用红移依赖的X射线亮度函数和仪器灵敏度模型,预测了在eROSITA全天 Survey(eRASS)中预计探测到的约300万颗活动星系核(AGN)和类星体(QSO)的统计特性。由于中值红移约为z ≈ 1且灵敏度极高(0.5–2.0 keV波段为1 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻²),eRASS将使对z > 1以上红移的活动星系核演化、超大质量黑洞(SMBH)增长以及宇宙大尺度结构的研究达到前所未有的水平。
Context. The main element of the observing program of the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma orbital observatory is a four-year all-sky survey, in the course of which the entire sky will be scanned eight times. Aims. We analyze the statistical properties of AGN and QSOs that are expected to be detected in the course of the eROSITA all-sky survey (eRASS). Methods. According to the currently planned survey strategy and based on the parameters of the Galactic and extragalactic X-ray background as well as on the results of the recent calculations of the eROSITA instrumental background, we computed a sensitivity map of the eRASS. Using the best available redshift-dependent AGN X-ray luminosity function (XLF), we computed various characteristics of the eRASS AGN sample, such as their luminosity- and redshift distributions, and the brightness distributions of their optical counterparts. Results. After four years of the survey, a sky-average sensitivity of ~1x10^(-14) erg/s/cm^2 will be achieved in the 0.5-2.0keV band. With this sensitivity, eROSITA is expected to detect ~3 million AGN on the extragalactic sky (|b|>10deg). The median redshift of the eRASS AGN will be z~1 with ~40% of the objects in the z=1-2 redshift range. About 10^4 - 10^5 AGN are predicted beyond redshift z=3 and about 2 000 - 30 000 AGN beyond redshift z=4, the exact numbers depend on the poorly known behavior of the AGN XLF in the high-redshift and luminosity regimes. Of the detected AGN, the brightest 10% will be detected with more than ~38 counts per PSF HEW, while the faintest 10% will have fewer than ~9 counts. The optical counterparts of ~95% of the AGN will be brighter than I_(AB)=22.5mag. The planned scanning strategy will allow one to search for transient events on a timescale of half a year and a few hours with a 0.5-2.0keV sensitivity of ~2x10^(-14) to ~2x10^(-13) erg/s/cm^2, respectively.
研究动机与目标
- 预测eROSITA全天 Survey 中预期探测到的AGN和QSO的统计分布。
- 利用仪器灵敏度和背景模型,评估AGN在不同红移和亮度下的可探测性。
- 估算后续观测规划所需的光学对应体星等和红移分布。
- 评估该巡天在数月和数小时时间尺度上探测瞬变X射线事件的能力。
- 通过量化预期的AGN对应体数量和星等分布,指导未来光学后续观测策略。
提出的方法
- 利用仪器背景模型和巡天策略参数,构建了eRASS的灵敏度图。
- 应用目前最佳的红移依赖X射线亮度函数(XLF),模拟了不同红移和亮度下的AGN源密度。
- 使用eROSITA响应矩阵和能量波段(0.5–2.0 keV 和 2–10 keV)计算计数率和通量极限。
- 基于COSMOS和Bootes场的I波段星等分布,估算光学对应体的星等。
- 针对不同巡天时长(4年、0.5年)和天区,投影源密度和灵敏度阈值。
- 模拟过程中始终采用宇宙学参数(H₀ = 70 km s⁻¹ Mpc⁻¹,Ωₘ = 0.3,ΩΛ = 0.7)。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在四年的观测中,eRASS预计将探测到多少AGN和QSO?
- RQ2探测到的AGN样本的预期红移和亮度分布如何?
- RQ3eRASS AGN的光学对应体星等分布如何?与现有巡天相比有何差异?
- RQ4eRASS在半年和数小时时间尺度上探测瞬变X射线事件的灵敏度如何?
- RQ5高红移和高亮度XLF的不确定性如何影响z > 3和z > 4时AGN预测数量的不确定性?
主要发现
- eROSITA在四年的观测中,预计将在银纬|b| > 10°的深空区域探测到约300万颗AGN。
- 探测到的AGN样本中值红移为z ≈ 1,其中约40%位于红移z = 1–2区间。
- 根据高红移XLF行为的不确定性,预计在z > 3处有约10⁴至10⁵颗AGN,在z > 4处有2,000至30,000颗AGN。
- eRASS中亮度最高的10% AGN每点扩散函数(半能量全宽)的计数超过≈38,而最暗的10%则少于≈9个计数。
- 约95%的探测AGN具有IAB < 22.5等的光学对应体,使其可被Pan-STARRS PS1等深度光学巡天探测到。
- 该巡天在0.5–2.0 keV波段的平均天空灵敏度约为1 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻²,可在半年时间尺度上探测到通量低至≈2 × 10⁻¹⁴ erg s⁻¹ cm⁻²的瞬变事件。
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