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[论文解读] Assessing subhalo finders in cosmological hydrodynamical simulations

Victor J. Forouhar Moreno, John Helly|ArXiv.org|Feb 10, 2025
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics被引用 5
一句话总结

本研究在 FLAMINGO 仿真中比较四种子晕查找器(Subfind, VELOCIraptor, ROCKSTAR, and HBT-HERONS)以评估查找器选择对晕/子晕统计量的偏差,并推荐 HBT-HERONS 作为基准,因为其鲁棒性和性能。

ABSTRACT

Cosmological simulations are essential for inferring cosmological and galaxy population properties based on forward-modelling, but this typically requires finding the population of (sub)haloes and galaxies that they contain. The properties of said populations vary depending on the algorithm used to find them, which is concerning as it may bias key statistics. We compare how the predicted (sub)halo mass functions, satellite radial distributions and correlation functions vary across algorithms in the dark-matter-only and hydrodynamical versions of the FLAMINGO simulations. We test three representative approaches to finding subhaloes: grouping particles in configuration- (Subfind), phase- (ROCKSTAR and VELOCIraptor) and history-space (HBT-HERONS). We also present HBT-HERONS, a new version of the HBT+ subhalo finder that improves the tracking of subhaloes. We find 10%-level differences in the $M_{\mathrm{200c}}$ mass function, reflecting different field halo definitions and occasional miscentering. The bound mass functions can differ by 75% at the high mass end, even when using the maximum circular velocity as a mass proxy. The number of well-resolved subhaloes differs by up to 20% near $R_{\mathrm{200c}}$, reflecting differences in the assignment of mass to subhaloes and their identification. The predictions of different subhalo finders increasingly diverge towards the centres of the host haloes. The performance of most subhalo finders does not improve with the resolution of the simulation and is worse for hydrodynamical than for dark-matter-only simulations. We conclude that HBT-HERONS is the preferred choice of subhalo finder due to its low computational cost, self-consistently made and robust merger trees, and robust subhalo identification capabilities.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估在 DMO 与水动力学(hydrodynamical)FLAMINGO 运行中,不同子晕查找器对晕质量函数和子晕质量函数的影响。
  • 评估卫星径向分布和二点相关函数随查找器的变化。
  • 研究水动力学相对于仅暗物质模拟对子晕查找性能的影响。
  • 介绍并定位 HBT-HERONS 作为一个鲁棒、成本有效的查找器,具有强大的合并树跟踪能力。

提出的方法

  • 在 FLAMINGO 仿真中比较代表配置空间(Subfind)、相空间(VELOCIRaptor、ROCKSTAR)和历史空间(HBT-HERONS)方法的四种子晕查找器。
  • 使用 Friends-of-Friends (FoF) 作为共同的初始分组步骤,并应用每个查找器自身的解绑/关联程序。
  • 将 HBT-HERONS 作为更新的基于历史的查找器引入,其改进的跟踪、合并标准与速度;在 Appendix A 中描述更改。
  • 计算跨查找器一致的子晕属性以实现公平比较(质量、半径、绑定质量等)。
  • 评估在水动力学与 DMO 运行中对汇总统计量和聚类的影响。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1不同子晕查找器如何改变 DMO 与水动力学 FLAMINGO 仿真中的 M200c 与绑定质量函数?
  • RQ2卫星径向分布和子晕相关函数如何随查找器变化,特别是 towards halo centres?
  • RQ3水动力学相对于暗物质仅模拟是否降低查找器性能,程度如何?
  • RQ4HBT-HERONS 是否是 FLAMINGO 合并树与子晕识别的鲁棒、高效默认选择?

主要发现

  • 在不同查找器之间,M200c 质量函数存在约 10% 的差异。
  • 在高质量端,绑定质量函数差异可达 75%。
  • 由于质量分配与识别,在接近 R200c 的区域,分辨良好的子晕计数差异可达 20%。
  • 不同查找器的预测在主晕中心趋于发散。
  • 大多数查找器的性能并不会随着分辨率提高而改进,在水动力学运行中比在 DMO 运行更差。
  • 由于低成本、鲁棒的合并树和可靠的子晕识别,HBT-HERONS 是首选的查找器。

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