[论文解读] Causal Modeling of Dynamical Systems
本文提出了结构动力因果模型(SDCMs),这是一种形式化框架,通过将组件建模为由任意阶随机微分方程驱动的随机过程,将结构因果模型(SCMs)扩展至连续时间动力系统。其主要贡献在于建立了一套严格的理论,证明了SDCMs的存在性、唯一性、马尔可夫性质及平衡行为,从而通过SCM语义的时间依赖扩展,实现了对随机动力系统的因果推断。
Dynamical systems are widely used in science and engineering to model systems consisting of several interacting components. Often, they can be given a causal interpretation in the sense that they not only model the evolution of the states of the system's components over time, but also describe how their evolution is affected by external interventions on the system that perturb the dynamics. We introduce the formal framework of structural dynamical causal models (SDCMs) that explicates the causal semantics of the system's components as part of the model. SDCMs represent a dynamical system as a collection of stochastic processes and specify the basic causal mechanisms that govern the dynamics of each component as a structured system of random differential equations of arbitrary order. SDCMs extend the versatile causal modeling framework of structural causal models (SCMs), also known as structural equation models (SEMs), by explicitly allowing for time-dependence. An SDCM can be thought of as the stochastic-process version of an SCM, where the static random variables of the SCM are replaced by dynamic stochastic processes and their derivatives. We provide the foundations for a theory of SDCMs, by (i) formally defining SDCMs, their solutions, stochastic interventions, and a graphical representation; (ii) studying existence and uniqueness of the solutions for given initial conditions; (iii) providing Markov properties for SDCMs with initial conditions; (iv) discussing under which conditions SDCMs equilibrate to SCMs as time tends to infinity; (v) relating the properties of the SDCM to those of the equilibrium SCM. This correspondence enables one to leverage the wealth of statistical tools and discovery methods available for SCMs when studying the causal semantics of a large class of stochastic dynamical systems. The theory is illustrated with examples from different scientific domains.
研究动机与目标
- 为传统SCMs因缺乏时间表示而失效的连续时间动力系统,正式建立因果语义。
- 通过随机过程和随机微分方程,将结构因果模型(SCMs)扩展至处理时变、随机及连续动力学。
- 在一般条件下,建立SDCMs的基础性质——存在性、唯一性、马尔可夫性质及平衡收敛性。
- 通过时间趋于无穷时SDCMs与平衡SCMs的关联,实现对动力系统的因果推断。
- 提供一个图形化和干预导向的SDCM框架,支持do-演算与随机干预。
提出的方法
- 提出SDCMs作为SCMs的随机过程扩展,用随机过程及其导数替代静态的随机变量。
- 通过任意阶随机微分方程组定义SDCMs,其中各组件代表自主的因果机制。
- 将SDCMs的解定义为在给定初值和外生噪声下满足该方程组的随机过程。
- 利用有向图表示SDCMs,节点代表内生过程,边代表因果依赖关系。
- 通过do-演算在SDCMs上定义随机干预,包括对组件的完美干预与软干预。
- 建立SDCMs解在长时间极限下收敛至SCMs的条件,从而实现将SCM工具迁移至动力系统。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1如何在原本时间对称的连续时间动力系统中,正式嵌入因果语义?
- RQ2在给定初值和噪声分布下,SDCMs的解在何种条件下存在且唯一?
- RQ3SDCMs在初值条件下的马尔可夫性质为何?其与解路径中条件独立性的关系如何?
- RQ4在何种条件及何时,SDCMs会随时间趋于无穷而收敛至平衡SCMs?
- RQ5对SDCMs的干预如何对应于平衡SCM中的do-干预?二者分布之间的关系为何?
主要发现
- SDCMs提供了一个正式框架,通过任意阶随机微分方程,显式建模连续时间动力系统中的因果机制。
- 在漂移函数和扩散函数满足温和正则性条件时,SDCMs的解存在且唯一,确保了模型的良好设定性。
- SDCMs在其图结构下满足马尔可夫性质,将解路径中的条件独立性与因果图中的d-分离联系起来。
- 在适当的稳定性条件下,SDCMs的解在时间趋于无穷时会收敛至一个平衡SCM,其极限分布与平衡模型一致。
- SDCMs中的随机干预(包括完美干预)产生明确定义的干预后解过程,其极限与对应平衡SCM中的do-干预结果一致。
- 对于线性SDCMs,若存在对角稳定化矩阵,则所有解均会收敛,且平衡模型继承原始SDCM的因果结构。
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