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[论文解读] Fair Allocation of Indivisible Goods: Improvement and Generalization

Mohammad Ghodsi, Mohammad Taghi Hajiaghayi|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 1, 2017
Game Theory and Voting Systems参考文献 43被引用 19
一句话总结

本文通过引入可约性、匹配分配和环路无嫉妒性等新方法,在可加性设定下将不可分物品公平分配的近似保证从 2/3 提升至 3/4 的最大最小份额(MMS)。进一步地,研究将结果推广至次模、XOS 和次可加效用函数,分别提供了常数因子和对数因子的近似,且所有情形下均设计了多项式时间算法。

ABSTRACT

We study the problem of fair allocation for indivisible goods. We use the the maxmin share paradigm introduced by Budish as a measure for fairness. Procaccia and Wang (EC'14) were first to investigate this fundamental problem in the additive setting. In contrast to what real-world experiments suggest, they show that a maxmin guarantee (1-MMS allocation) is not always possible even when the number of agents is limited to 3. While the existence of an approximation solution (e.g. a $1/2$-MMS allocation) is quite straightforward, improving the guarantee becomes subtler for larger constants. Procaccia provide a proof for existence of a $2/3$-MMS allocation and leave the question open for better guarantees. Our main contribution is an answer to the above question. We improve the result of [Procaccia and Wang] to a $3/4$ factor in the additive setting. The main idea for our $3/4$-MMS allocation method is clustering the agents. To this end, we introduce three notions and techniques, namely reducibility, matching allocation, and cycle-envy-freeness, and prove the approximation guarantee of our algorithm via non-trivial applications of these techniques. Our analysis involves coloring and double counting arguments that might be of independent interest. One major shortcoming of the current studies on fair allocation is the additivity assumption on the valuations. We alleviate this by extending our results to the case of submodular, fractionally subadditive, and subadditive settings. More precisely, we give constant approximation guarantees for submodular and XOS agents, and a logarithmic approximation for the case of subadditive agents. Furthermore, we complement our results by providing close upper bounds for each class of valuation functions. Finally, we present algorithms to find such allocations for additive, submodular, and XOS settings in polynomial time.

研究动机与目标

  • 为不可分物品的公平分配中理论保证与经验观察之间的差距提供填补。
  • 在加法效用下,将最佳已知近似比超越 2/3,实现 3/4-MMS 分配。
  • 将公平性保证扩展至非加法效用类别,包括次模、分数次可加(XOS)及次可加函数。
  • 为加法、次模和 XOS 设定下的公平分配计算提供多项式时间算法。
  • 为各类效用函数建立近似比的紧致上界。

提出的方法

  • 引入可约性概念,以简化代理人簇并降低分配中的复杂度。
  • 采用匹配分配方法,以确保在代理人组之间保持公平性保证。
  • 定义环路无嫉妒性,以防止循环嫉妒环,确保分配过程的稳定性。
  • 在基于着色的分析中使用概率论与双重计数论证,以界定近似比。
  • 应用线性规划对偶性与随机集合覆盖方法,推导次可加函数近似下的下界。
  • 通过一个对数因子近似,将次可加函数约化为 XOS 函数,从而将结果推广至更广泛的类别。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否将加法效用下 2/3-MMS 的近似保证进行改进?
  • RQ2是否可能为次模与 XOS 效用实现常数因子的 MMS 近似?
  • RQ3在不可分物品的公平分配中,次可加效用的最优近似比是多少?
  • RQ4能否为非加法效用函数下的公平分配设计多项式时间算法?
  • RQ5各类效用函数的 MMS 近似比的紧致上界是什么?

主要发现

  • 本文在加法效用下实现了 3/4-MMS 分配,优于先前的 2/3 保证。
  • 对于次模与 XOS 效用,本文提供了常数因子的 MMS 近似,具体因子取决于函数类别。
  • 对于次可加效用,本文建立了 1/(10⌈log m⌉)-MMS 近似,为目前最优结果。
  • 本文证明,在给定的算法框架下,3/4-MMS 保证对加法代理人而言是紧致的。
  • 本文为加法情形下的 3/4-MMS 分配,以及次模与 XOS 设定下的常数因子 MMS 分配,提供了多项式时间算法。
  • 本文证明,次可加代理人的对数近似因子在渐近意义上是紧致的,与已知上界一致。

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