[论文解读] Fossil groups origins II. Unveiling the formation of the brightest group galaxies through their scaling relations
本研究利用Ks波段成像和Sérsic轮廓拟合,分析了20个星系团中亮度最高的星系(BGGs)在近红外波段的结构特性。研究发现,尽管BGGs遵循基本平面关系,但其有效半径偏大、速度弥散度偏低,与标准关系存在偏离,表明其形成机制以早期的耗散性并合为主导,随后经历后期的干并合(无耗散)并合过程。
(Abridged) Fossil systems are galaxy associations dominated by a relatively isolated, bright elliptical galaxy, surrounded by a group of smaller galaxies lacking L* objects. We analyzed the near-infrared photometric and structural properties of a sample of 20 BGGs present in FGs in order to better understand their formation mechanisms. Their surface-brightness distribution was fitted to a Sersic profile using the GASP2D algorithm. Then, the standard scaling relations were derived for the first time for these galaxies and compared with those of normal ellipticals and brightest cluster galaxies in non-fossil systems. The BGGs presented in this study represent a subset of the most massive galaxies in the Universe. We found that their ellipticity profiles are continuously increasing with the galactocentric radius. Our fossil BCGs follow closely the fundamental plane described by normal ellipticals. However, they depart from both the log σ_0 vs. log L_{K_{s}} and log r_{ m e} vs. log L_{K_{s}} relations described by intermediate mass ellipticals. This occurs in the sense that our BGGs have larger effective radii and smaller velocity dispersions than those predicted by these relations. We also found that more elliptical galaxies systematically deviate from the previous relations while more rounder object do not. No similar correlation was found with the Sersic index. The derived scaling relations can be interpreted in terms of the formation scenario of the BGGs. Because our BGGs follow the fundamental plane tilt but they have larger effective radii than expected for intermediate mass ellipticals, we suggest that they only went through dissipational mergers in a early stage of their evolution and then assembled the bulk of their mass through subsequent dry mergers, contrary to previous claims that BGGs in FGs were formed mainly by the merging of gas-rich galaxies.
研究动机与目标
- 通过结构和测光特性,理解星系团中亮度最高的星系(BGGs)在星系团中的形成机制。
- 探究星系团中BGGs是否主要通过耗散性(湿)或无耗散性(干)并合形成。
- 检验标准标度关系(如基本平面、Faber-Jackson关系、Kormendy关系)在星系团环境中大质量BGGs中的适用性。
- 确定星系椭圆率是否与并合类型及标度关系偏离相关。
- 评估BGGs的观测结构特性是否与包含早期和晚期并合阶段的分层组装模型一致。
提出的方法
- 利用威廉·赫歇尔望远镜及其他天文台获取20个星系团中BGGs的深Ks波段成像数据。
- 应用GASP2D算法对星系的表面亮度分布进行Sérsic轮廓拟合。
- 推导出包括有效半径(re)、中心速度弥散度(σ0)和Sérsic指数(n)在内的结构参数。
- 构建并比较标度关系:基本平面(FP)、Faber-Jackson(FJ)关系和Kormendy(KR)关系,数据来源为正常椭圆星系和非星系团系统中的星系团中心星系(BCGs)。
- 将BGGs划分为高椭圆率(ε > 0.3)和低椭圆率(ε ≤ 0.3)两类,以探究并合类型的影响。
- 分析椭圆率、位置角和质心的径向分布,以评估结构复杂性及并合历史。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1星系团中BGGs的结构特性是否遵循正常椭圆星系和BCGs中观测到的标准标度关系?
- RQ2BGGs在Faber-Jackson关系和Kormendy关系中的观测偏离如何反映其形成历史?
- RQ3星系椭圆率与标度关系偏离之间是否存在相关性,从而指示不同的并合类型?
- RQ4观测到的结构轮廓(如椭圆率随半径增加)是否支持涉及各向异性或定向并合的特定形成情景?
- RQ5基本平面的一致性与标度关系的曲率是否可由一个两阶段形成模型解释:即早期耗散性并合与后期干并合共同作用?
主要发现
- 本样本中的BGGs是宇宙中质量最大的星系之一,其结构参数与早期型星系一致。
- 大多数BGGs的椭圆率轮廓随星系中心距离增加而上升,表明其经历复杂、可能具有各向异性的并合历史,而非简单的扁球对称形态。
- BGGs遵循正常椭圆星系的基本平面关系,表明其核心区域已达到动力学松弛状态,与典型椭圆星系相似。
- BGGs系统性地偏离中等质量椭圆星系的Faber-Jackson关系和Kormendy关系,表现出比预测值更大的有效半径和更小的速度弥散度。
- 椭圆率较高(ε > 0.3)的BGGs在中等质量标度关系中的偏离更显著,而更圆的星系(ε ≤ 0.3)则更接近关系曲线,支持形态与并合类型之间的关联。
- 观测到的标度关系行为最合理的解释是两阶段形成模型:早期耗散性并合形成核心,随后经历后期无耗散(干)并合,使星系尺寸增大但对中心速度弥散度影响甚微。
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