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[论文解读] Galaxy Build-up in the first 1.5 Gyr of Cosmic History: Insights from the Stellar Mass Function at $z\sim4-9$ from JWST NIRCam Observations

Andrea Weibel, Pascal A. Oesch|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 13, 2024
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research被引用 10
一句话总结

该研究利用 JWST NIRCam 成像在 z~4–9 的大样本 rest-optical 选择 galaxy 中推导出 rest-optical 的恒星质量函数,强调红色、尘埃遮蔽的系统以及早期宇宙中的快速质量积累。

ABSTRACT

Combining the public JWST/NIRCam imaging programs CEERS, PRIMER and JADES, spanning a total area of $\sim500\,{ m arcmin}^2$, we obtain a sample of $>$30,000 galaxies at $z_{ m phot}\sim4-9$ that allows us to perform a complete, rest-optical selected census of the galaxy population at $z>3$. Comparing the stellar mass $M_*$ and the UV-slope $β$ distributions between JWST- and HST-selected samples, we generally find very good agreement and no significant biases. Nevertheless, JWST enables us to probe a new population of UV-red galaxies that was missing from previous HST-based Lyman Break Galaxy (LBG) samples. We measure galaxy stellar mass functions (SMFs) at $z\sim4-9$ down to limiting masses of $10^{7.5}-10^{8.5}\,{ m M_\odot}$, finding steep low mass slopes over the entire redshift range, reaching values of $α\approx-2$ at $z\gtrsim6$. At the high-mass end, UV-red galaxies dominate at least out to $z\sim6$. The implied redshift evolution of the SMF suggests a rapid build-up of massive dust-obscured or quiescent galaxies from $z\sim6$ to $z\sim4$ as well as an enhanced efficiency of star formation towards earlier times ($z\gtrsim6$). Finally, we show that the galaxy mass density grows by a factor $\sim20 imes$ from $z\sim9$ to $z\sim4$. Our results emphasize the importance of rest-frame optically-selected samples in inferring accurate distributions of physical properties and studying the mass build-up of galaxies in the first 1.5 Gyr of cosmic history.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用 JWST NIRCam 数据对 z~4–9 的星系进行休框光 census。
  • 量化可检测的低质量端(∼10^7.5–10^8.5 M☉)的恒星质量函数,并与 UV 选择样本比较。
  • 评估 UV-红色、可能尘埃遮蔽的星系对高质量端和总体质量密度的贡献。
  • 评估 SMF 的红移演化及对早期恒星形成效率和尘埃淬火的影响。

提出的方法

  • 汇编一个约 500 平弧分² 的多场 JWST NIRCam 数据集(CEERS、PRIMER、JADES),并辅以 HST 数据。
  • 在 1–5 μm 进行 PSF 匹配的光度测量,使用 PSF 提取与基于核的匹配到 F444W(WFC3 滤光器的 F160W 亦使用)。
  • 使用 SourceExtractor 构建光度/catalog,进行严格的标志与掩膜处理,并在多孔径中测量多波段通量。
  • 在贝叶斯框架下用 BAGPIPES 拟合光度红移与恒星群体,采用延迟 τ 型 SFH 与基于 BPASS 的带星云发射模板。
  • 以 EAZY 进行初步 z > 3 选择,随后用 BAGPIPES 精炼物理属性,获得后验 SMF 与不确定性。
  • 报告 SMF 的下限至 M* ~ 10^7.5–10^8.5 M☉,并考察高质量端与总质量密度的演化。
Figure 1: Top panels: F200W PSFs generated through webbpsf with jitter_sigma = 0.022 (see Morishita et al., 2023 ) , as well as extracted from the images for all the different fields used in this work as explained in the text. All PSFs are shown in log-scale. Bottom left: Logarithmic radial profiles
Figure 1: Top panels: F200W PSFs generated through webbpsf with jitter_sigma = 0.022 (see Morishita et al., 2023 ) , as well as extracted from the images for all the different fields used in this work as explained in the text. All PSFs are shown in log-scale. Bottom left: Logarithmic radial profiles

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1JWST NIRCam 能探测到的 z~4–9 的 rest-frame optical 恒星质量函数是什么?
  • RQ2UV-红色、可能尘埃遮蔽的星系对 SMF 的高质量端相对于 UV 选择样本有何影响?
  • RQ3SMF 的高质量端的红移演化以及从 z~9 到 z~4 的恒星质量密度增长是多少?
  • RQ4红/遮蔽星系的存在与丰度对早期宇宙中的尘埃遮蔽的恒星形成与休眠有何启示?

主要发现

  • 在 z~4–9 的恒星质量函数可测到 ~10^7.5–10^8.5 M☉ 的下限,与文献总体一致,但在高质量端显式体现了 UV-红色星系的贡献。
  • UV-红色、很可能尘埃遮蔽的系统在高质量端主导,直到 z~6,表明在先前 UV 选择中未被充分揭示的尘埃遮蔽或休眠群体更为显著。
  • SMFs 在整个红移范围内陡峭,且随红移略呈陡化,在 z>6 时接近斜率约为 -2。
  • 在 z~9 到 z~4 之间,星系质量密度增长约为 乘以 20,约 1 Gyr 的宇宙时间,标志着快速的质量积累。
  • JWST 的 rest-optical 选择降低了 UV 基础样本中的偏差,并为最 Massive 的星系提供更准确的丰度与质量约束。
  • 证据指向从 z~6 到 z~4 的大质量、可能尘埃遮蔽和/或休眠星系的快速积累,以及更早时期的星形成效率提升。
Figure 2: Comparison between photometric and spectroscopic redshifts. Spectroscopic redshifts from the literature are plotted against photometric redshifts obtained through eazy in the top panel and through bagpipes in the bottom panel. Both codes perform well at $z\gtrsim 3$ with eazy showing a sma
Figure 2: Comparison between photometric and spectroscopic redshifts. Spectroscopic redshifts from the literature are plotted against photometric redshifts obtained through eazy in the top panel and through bagpipes in the bottom panel. Both codes perform well at $z\gtrsim 3$ with eazy showing a sma

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