[论文解读] Global AI Ethics: A Review of the Social Impacts and Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence

Alexa Hagerty, Igor Rubinov|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 18, 2019

Ethics and Social Impacts of AI被引用 107

一句话总结

该论文综述全球五大区域的AI伦理与社会影响，强调区域差异、不平等的放大，并需要以民族志、实地研究来指导负责任的AI监管。

ABSTRACT

The ethical implications and social impacts of artificial intelligence have become topics of compelling interest to industry, researchers in academia, and the public. However, current analyses of AI in a global context are biased toward perspectives held in the U.S., and limited by a lack of research, especially outside the U.S. and Western Europe. This article summarizes the key findings of a literature review of recent social science scholarship on the social impacts of AI and related technologies in five global regions. Our team of social science researchers reviewed more than 800 academic journal articles and monographs in over a dozen languages. Our review of the literature suggests that AI is likely to have markedly different social impacts depending on geographical setting. Likewise, perceptions and understandings of AI are likely to be profoundly shaped by local cultural and social context. Recent research in U.S. settings demonstrates that AI-driven technologies have a pattern of entrenching social divides and exacerbating social inequality, particularly among historically-marginalized groups. Our literature review indicates that this pattern exists on a global scale, and suggests that low- and middle-income countries may be more vulnerable to the negative social impacts of AI and less likely to benefit from the attendant gains. We call for rigorous ethnographic research to better understand the social impacts of AI around the world. Global, on-the-ground research is particularly critical to identify AI systems that may amplify social inequality in order to mitigate potential harms. Deeper understanding of the social impacts of AI in diverse social settings is a necessary precursor to the development, implementation, and monitoring of responsible and beneficial AI technologies, and forms the basis for meaningful regulation of these technologies.

研究动机与目标

• 推动对AI伦理与社会影响的全球性、非以美国为中心的理解。
• 综合来自大量多语言文献的发现，识别AI影响的区域差异。
• 突出在中低收入国家中社会不平等与脆弱性的潜在放大效应。
• 倡导严谨的民族志、实地研究，以为AI技术的监管与治理提供信息。

提出的方法

• 对五大全球地区的AI及相关技术的社会科学学术文献进行综述。
• 筛选并综合来自十几种语言的800多篇学术期刊文章与专著的见解。
• 识别AI驱动技术在不同情境下对社会分层与不平等的影响模式。
• 基于跨区域证据，给出对监管、治理和负责任的AI开发的启示。
• 强调以民族志方法深化对地方社会情境的理解的必要性。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 AI在不同全球区域的社会影响与伦理含义如何变化？
• RQ2 在多元文化背景下，AI的获取与部署以何种方式强化或减轻社会不平等？
• RQ3 全球范围内需要何种类型的地面、民族志证据来负责任地监管AI技术？

主要发现

• AI的社会影响可能因地理和文化环境而显著不同。
• 对AI的认知与理解受当地情境影响，影响采用与治理。
• 如在美国情境所见并据此在全球上被暗示，AI驱动技术可能巩固社会分裂并加剧不平等。
• 中低收入国家在受到负面AI影响方面可能更脆弱，且获得收益的机会较少。
• 全球存在AI放大不平等的模式，需要严格的本地民族志研究来理解并减轻危害。
• 更好的监管和负责任的AI需要对多样化社会情境的深度、情境化知识。