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[论文解读] Hot subdwarf stars in close-up view I. Rotational properties of subdwarf B stars in close binary systems and nature of their unseen companions

S. Geier, U. Heber|arXiv (Cornell University)|May 26, 2010
Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies参考文献 88被引用 51
一句话总结

本研究利用高分辨率光谱学分析了51颗处于双星系统中的热亚矮星B(sdB)的自转特性,以推断其不可见伴星的质量与性质。研究发现,轨道周期短于1.2天的系统中发生了轨道同步化,识别出九颗白矮星、七颗M型矮星伴星、一颗棕矮星,以及若干伴星质量接近或超过钱德拉塞卡极限的系统——暗示可能存在中子星或黑洞。

ABSTRACT

The origin of hot subdwarf B stars (sdBs) is still unclear. About half of the known sdBs are in close binary systems for which common envelope ejection is the most likely formation channel. Little is known about this dynamic phase of binary evolution. Due to the tidal influence of the companion in close binary systems, the rotation of the primary becomes synchronised to its orbital motion. In this case it is possible to constrain the mass of the companion, if the primary mass, its projected rotational velocity as well as its surface gravity are known. For the first time we measured the projected rotational velocities of a large sdB binary sample from high resolution spectra. We analysed a sample of 51 sdB stars in close binaries, 40 of which have known orbital parameters comprising half of all such systems known today. Synchronisation in sdB binaries is discussed both from the theoretical and the observational point of view. The masses and the nature of the unseen companions could be constrained in 31 cases. The companions to seven sdBs could be clearly identified as late M stars. One binary may have a brown dwarf companion. The unseen companions of nine sdBs are white dwarfs with typical masses. The mass of one white dwarf companion is very low. In eight cases the companion mass exceeds 0.9 solar masses, four of which even exceed the Chandrasekhar limit indicating that they may be neutron stars. Even stellar mass black holes are possible for the most massive companions. The distribution of the inclinations of the systems with low mass companions appears to be consistent with expectations, whereas a lack of high inclinations becomes obvious for the massive systems. We show that the formation of such systems can be explained with common envelope evolution and present an appropriate formation channel including two phases of unstable mass transfer and one supernova explosion.

研究动机与目标

  • 利用高分辨率光谱学测定sdB双星系统的自转特性。
  • 推断单线光谱双星中不可见伴星的质量与性质,这些伴星在其他方面难以表征。
  • 检验潮汐同步化是否在短周期sdB双星中成立,并评估其对伴星质量估算的影响。
  • 研究大质量sdB双星的形成机制,特别是通过公共包层演化和不稳定质量转移过程。
  • 利用自转与轨道约束,识别具有致密大质量伴星(可能为中子星或黑洞)的候选系统。

提出的方法

  • 从51颗处于紧密双星系统中的sdB恒星的高分辨率光学光谱中测量了投影自转速度(v sin i)。
  • 结合已知的表面重力(log g)和主星质量,利用双星质量函数估算轨道倾角与伴星质量。
  • 利用轨道参数(周期、偏心率)评估潮汐同步化,假设周期P < 1.2天的系统中存在自转-轨道锁定。
  • 应用公共包层演化与不稳定质量转移的理论模型,解释大质量伴星的形成机制。
  • 评估来自空间望远镜(如MOST、Kepler)的光曲线数据,检测由大质量致密伴星引起的椭球形变亮变化。
  • 建议对候选系统开展X射线与射电波段的后续观测,以探测微弱的风吸积信号或脉冲星特征,针对具有大质量不可见伴星的系统。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在紧密双星系统的sdB恒星中,自转同步化的程度如何?其主导发生的轨道周期阈值是多少?
  • RQ2sdB双星系统中不可见伴星的质量与性质是什么,特别是对于那些推断伴星质量较高的系统?
  • RQ3能否通过自转与轨道约束确认sdB系统中存在中子星或黑洞?
  • RQ4sdB双星的观测倾角分布与理论预期相比如何?这对伴星质量估算有何启示?
  • RQ5是否存在后红巨星分支恒星仍在经历自转加速的迹象,这可能影响对自转同步化的解释?

主要发现

  • 在轨道周期短于1.2天的sdB双星系统中,自转同步化得到强有力支持,表明发生了潮汐锁定。
  • 在31个系统中,不可见伴星的质量与性质得到约束:其中七颗被确认为晚期M型矮星,一颗为棕矮星候选体,九颗为具有典型质量的白矮星。
  • 一颗白矮星伴星质量极低,另有九颗伴星质量超过0.9 M☉,其中PG 1743+477与HE 0532-4503两个系统中伴星质量接近或超过钱德拉塞卡极限。
  • 具有大质量伴星的低倾角系统比例过高,与理论预测不符,暗示也应存在具有大质量致密伴星的高倾角系统。
  • 具有大质量伴星的候选系统在ROSAT巡天中未显示罗氏洛瓣溢出或X射线辐射的证据,但微弱的风吸积X射线发射仍有可能存在,并可通过钱德拉或XMM-Newton望远镜探测到。
  • 建议利用哈勃望远镜或开普勒望远镜的高精度测光数据检测最佳候选系统中的椭球形变亮变化,且Hyper-MUCHFUSS项目正在积极搜寻具有大质量不可见伴星的高倾角系统。

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