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[论文解读] Joint Routing of Conventional and Range-Extended Electric Vehicles in a Large Metropolitan Network

Anirudh Subramanyam, Taner Cokyasar|arXiv (Cornell University)|Dec 23, 2021
Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure参考文献 61被引用 13
一句话总结

本文提出了一种用于范围扩展型电动车型车辆路径问题(REEVRP)的新混合整数规划模型,将传统模式与电动模式在城市配送网络中的运行整合。该研究开发了一种精确的分支定价割平面算法(branch-price-and-cut, BPC)以及一种迭代禁忌搜索元启发式算法,以优化车队构成与路径规划,结果表明:仅部署20%的REEV(配备33英里全电动续航能力)即可将能源成本降低高达17%,同时车辆行驶里程(VMT)增加不足0.5%。

ABSTRACT

Range-extended electric vehicles combine the higher efficiency and environmental benefits of battery-powered electric motors with the longer mileage and autonomy of conventional internal combustion engines. This combination is particularly advantageous for time-constrained delivery routing in dense urban areas, where battery recharging along routes can be too time-consuming to economically justify the use of all-electric vehicles. However, switching from electric to conventional fossil fuel modes also results in higher costs and emissions and lower efficiency. This paper analyzes this heterogeneous vehicle routing problem and describes two solution methods: an exact branch-price-and-cut algorithm and an iterated tabu search metaheuristic. From a methodological perspective, we find that the exact algorithm consistently obtains tight lower bounds that also serve to certify the metaheuristic solutions as near-optimal. From a policy standpoint, we examine a large-scale real-world case study concerning parcel deliveries in the Chicago metropolitan area and quantify various operational metrics including energy costs and vehicle miles traveled. We find that by deploying roughly 20% of range-extended vehicles with a modest all-electric range of 33 miles, parcel distributors can save energy costs by up to 17% while incurring less than 0.5% increase in vehicle miles traveled. Increasing the range to 60 miles further reduces costs by only 4%, which can alternatively be achieved by decreasing the average service time by 1 minute or increasing driver working time by 1 hour. Our study reveals several key areas of improvement on which vehicle manufacturers, distributors, and policy makers can focus their attention.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决将范围扩展型电动车辆(REEVs)整合进大规模城市配送网络所面临的运营挑战。
  • 建立异构路径规划问题模型,其中REEV在电动模式与燃油模式之间切换,两种模式具有不同的成本与排放特征。
  • 开发并对比精确算法与元启发式优化方法,以求解大规模REEVRP实例。
  • 量化REEV部署对关键绩效指标(如能源成本、车辆行驶里程VMT、车辆行驶时间VHT)的影响。
  • 为物流服务商、车辆制造商及政策制定者提供关于车队构成与运营参数的可操作洞见。

提出的方法

  • 将REEVRP建模为带有列生成的集合划分整数规划问题,通过分支定价割平面(BPC)算法实现精确求解。
  • 开发一种迭代禁忌搜索(ITS)元启发式算法,用于求解包含超过3,000个配送点的大规模实例。
  • 对REEV建模为双动力模式:电动模式(低成本、续航有限)与传统模式(高成本、续航更长)。
  • 纳入现实约束条件,包括车辆容量、驾驶员工作时长、非对称行驶时间及随时间变化的服务窗口。
  • 在BPC算法中使用定价子问题,动态生成满足REEV特定模式切换逻辑的可行路径。
  • 在ITS中采用邻域多样化策略,以跳出局部最优解,并在多轮迭代中提升解的质量。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在大规模城市配送网络中,将传统车辆与范围扩展型电动车辆结合时,最优的车队构成与路径规划策略是什么?
  • RQ2REEV的全电动续航能力在不同水平下,如何影响时间受限配送作业中的总能源成本、VMT与VHT?
  • RQ3通过运营改进(如缩短服务时间或增加驾驶员工作时长)所能实现的成本节约,能在多大程度上等同于将REEV续航延长至60英里?
  • RQ4在混合REEV与传统车辆(CV)运营下,车辆容量与车队规模如何影响系统整体性能指标?
  • RQ5精确的BPC算法能否验证元启发式解的质量?解的间隙随问题规模如何变化?

主要发现

  • 仅将20%的车队替换为配备33英里全电动续航能力的REEV,即可实现高达17%的能源成本降低,同时VMT增加不足0.5%。
  • 将REEV全电动续航从33英里提升至60英里,仅带来额外4%的能源成本降低,表明收益递减。
  • 将平均服务时间缩短1分钟,或增加驾驶员工作时长1小时,可实现与将REEV续航延长至60英里的成本节约效果相当。
  • 在不同全电动续航水平下,总VMT基本保持稳定(每辆车约55.8英里),表明成本节约主要源于模式切换,而非减少行驶距离。
  • 当车辆容量超过120件包裹后,继续增加容量不会带来显著的成本或VMT降低,因为路径主要受时间约束。
  • BPC算法始终能提供紧致的下界,证实对于小到中等规模实例(最多100个点),ITS解为近似最优解。

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