[论文解读] Locating clustered seismicity using Distance Geometry Solvers: applications for sparse and single-borehole DAS networks
HADES-R 是一种新颖的相对定位方法,仅通过一个主事件和一个簇宽度估计,利用距离几何与旋转优化,在稀疏或单井孔DAS网络中克服方位角模糊性,实现对聚集地震活动的定位。该方法在传统方法失效的复杂配置下,成功重建了簇的形态并将定位不确定性降低至10–50米。
The determination of seismic event locations with sparse networks or single-borehole systems remains a significant challenge in observational seismology. Leveraging the advantages of the location approach HADES, which was initially developed for locating clustered seismicity recorded at two stations, we present here an improved version of the methodology: HADES-R. Where HADES previously needed a minimum of 4 absolutely located master events, HADES-R solves a least-squares problem to find the relative inter-event distances in the cluster, and uses only a single master event to find the locations of all events, and subsequently applies rotational optimiser to find the cluster orientation. It can leverage iterative station combinations if multiple receivers are available, to describe the cluster shape and orientation uncertainty with a bootstrap approach. The improved method requires P- and S-phase arrival picks, a homogeneous velocity model, a single master event with a known location, and an estimate of the cluster width. The approach is benchmarked on the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence recorded at two stations, and applied to two seismic clusters at the FORGE geothermal test site, including a microseismic monitoring scenario with a DAS in a vertical borehole. Traditional procedures struggle in these settings due to the ill-posed network configuration. The azimuthal ambiguity in this scenario is partially overcome by assuming that all events belong to the same cluster around the master event and a cluster width estimate. We find the cluster shape in both cases, although the orientation remains uncertain. The method's ability to constrain the cluster shape and location with only one well-located event offers promising implications, especially for environments where limited or specialised instrumentation is in use.
研究动机与目标
- 解决在方位角覆盖有限的稀疏或单井孔DAS网络中定位微地震簇的挑战。
- 通过假设簇的相干性并利用簇宽度估计,克服单分量DAS测量固有的方位角模糊性。
- 开发一种稳健的迭代方法,在数据极少且网络几何结构不佳的情况下,约束簇的形状与方向。
- 实现在资源有限或特殊环境(如深井孔或地热区)中的可靠微地震监测。
- 提供一种模块化、可适应的框架,可与其它定位算法集成,并为高级处理提供改进的初始估计。
提出的方法
- 通过求解最小二乘问题,利用P波和S波初至拾取时间估计地震簇内事件间的相对距离。
- 仅使用一个位置已知的主事件来锚定簇的几何结构。
- 应用旋转优化器以确定簇的方位,使理论走时与观测走时的残差最小化。
- 通过迭代组合站的方法实施自助法,以量化形状与方向的不确定性。
- 采用均质速度模型和簇宽度的先验估计以稳定解。
- 采用模块化框架,支持与独立于到时差的其他事件间距离估算方法集成。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1仅通过一个主事件和簇宽度估计,是否能够实现单井孔DAS网络中多个地震事件的准确相对定位?
- RQ2当方位角覆盖极少或完全缺失时,HADES-R在多大程度上能有效解析簇的形状与方向?
- RQ3在稀疏或病态网络配置下,HADES-R相较于传统方法在降低定位不确定性方面表现如何?
- RQ4当仅能获取DAS数据且地表站噪声过大无法检测时,HADES-R是否能可靠地定位微地震活动?
- RQ5在仪器有限的真实场景(如FORGE地热站)中,该方法表现如何?
主要发现
- HADES-R 仅使用DAS数据和一个主事件,成功重建了FORGE站点两个微地震簇的形态,尽管网络几何结构极差。
- 微地震簇的定位不确定性降低至10–50米,东南簇为10–400米,优于目录中检波器阵列的定位结果。
- 通过假设簇的相干性并利用簇宽度估计,部分克服了方位角模糊性,即使在单分量DAS数据下也能实现形状恢复。
- 在缺乏地表站数据的情况下,HADES-R 仍成功定位了FORGE站点82个检测事件中的32个,结果与历史地震活动一致。
- 将DAS通道与一个地表站结合,显著改善了方位角方向约束,证明了多仪器融合的价值。
- HADES-R的模块化设计支持与其它事件间距离估算器集成,并可实现速度模型、主事件和簇宽度的迭代优化。
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