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[论文解读] Observation of the Forbush decrease on 2024 May 10, using the ALPAQUITA air-shower array at the 70-1000 GV rigidity range

M. Anzorena, E. De la Fuente|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 13, 2026
Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena被引用 0
一句话总结

研究报告了 ALPAQUITA 在 2024 年 5 月 10 日检测到的 Forbush 下降(FD),由 Any1 和 Any2 计数模式观测。Any1 在中位刚性 76 GV 时显示 4.26% 的下降,而 Any2 在 960 GV 处给出 2σ 的上限 0.95%,指示高刚性处的硬到软谱行为。

ABSTRACT

The Andes Large area PArticle detector for Cosmic ray and Astronomy (ALPACA) is a new air-shower array experiment under construction in the Bolivian Andes, and its prototype ALPAQUITA surface array has been operating since 2023 April. In addition to the traditional $\ge$3-hit or $\ge$4-hit coincidences to trigger recording air-shower events, ALPAQUITA records the counting rates of the $\ge$1-hit and $\ge$2-hit events (Any1 and Any2, respectively). We report a successful detection of a Forbush decrease occurred on 2024 May 10 caused by a passage of an interplanetary shock formed ahead of the Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection. The amplitude detected in the Any1 rate is 4.26$\pm$0.33% at the median primary rigidity of 76GV which is consistent with the observations with the worldwide neutron monitor and muon detector networks. Under the assumption of a power-law rigidity spectrum, we renormalized the errors of the observed amplitude ($A_{obs}$) and fitted them as a function of the median primary rigidity ($R_{m}$) of each detector and observational method. The result $A_{obs} = (10.9\% \pm 0.9\%) imes (R_{m}/10\,GV)^{-0.55 \pm 0.07}$ exhibits a hard nature of this event. Our non-detection in the Any2 rate decrease constrains the amplitude with a 2$σ$ upper limit to be 0.95% at 960GV. This marginally suggests an existence of a spectral softening between 100GV and 1000GV as also suggested by the Misato underground muon detector at 145GV. Although a strong geomagnetic storm was observed during this period, we conclude it does not impact our results. Our novel technique realizes a unique coverage to study the behavior of the Forbush decreases at the highest rigidity.

研究动机与目标

  • 研究高于 100 GV 的高宇宙线刚性 FD 的动机与意义。
  • 展示 ALPAQUITA 的计数模式能力(Any1/Any2),以获得更高刚性。
  • 表征 FD 振幅对刚性的依赖,并与 NM 与μ子探测网络结果进行比较。

提出的方法

  • 在海平面以上 4740 m 处操作 ALPAQUITA 地表阵列(97 个探头,面积 18,450 m^2),记录 Any1(单次计数)和 Any2(双击 coincidences),并与传统的 3/4 跃点空气 showers 触发 Any3/Any4 同时记录。
  • 使用蒙特卡罗模拟(CORSIKA 配合 FLUKA 与 QGSJET II-04;基于 GEANT4 的探测器响应)将计数模式的刚性映射为:Any1 约 76 GV,Any2 约 960 GV,Any3 约 2290 GV,Any4 约 3340 GV。
  • 使用现场系数对大气压效应进行速率数据的校正,并对 Any2 应用意外 coincidences 的修正。
  • 通过与 FD 发生前基线(5 月 8–9 日)定义的基线水平进行对比,提取 FD 振幅并计算不确定度。
  • 对观测到的振幅对中位刚性进行拟合,采用幂律 A_obs ∝ (R_m / 10 GV)^(-γ),并在现有 NM/GMDN/Misato 数据背景下进行讨论。
Figure 1: Pressure corrected time profiles of the NM (black curves) and GMDN (red curves) relative counting rate during the FD started at around 17 UT, May 10.
Figure 1: Pressure corrected time profiles of the NM (black curves) and GMDN (red curves) relative counting rate during the FD started at around 17 UT, May 10.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在 70–1000 GV 范围内,FD 振幅相对于中位原始刚性的函数关系是什么?
  • RQ2Any2 是否能就 100 GV 以上的高刚性 FD 行为给出约束?
  • RQ32024 年 5 月 10 日 FD 的 ALPAQUITA 数据与 NM 和 μ子探测结果相比如何?
  • RQ4是否存在在更高刚性下 FD 振幅的光谱软化的证据?
  • RQ5影响高刚性 FD 测量的地磁和各向异性因素有哪些?

主要发现

InstrumentStation NameDetector area (m^2)Altitude (m)Median primary rigidity (GV)Counts per hourObserved amplitude (%)
NMJungfraujoch3.71347513.511.78.04 ± 0.47
NMOulu11.141514.93.610.85 ± 0.56
NMKiel22.275415.25.610.77 ± 0.59
NMNewark11.145015.33.210.13 ± 0.51
NMAATB22.27334017.145.87.46 ± 0.43
NMRome24.75019.54.46.35 ± 0.49
NMMexico City7.42227420.47.97.19 ± 0.31
NMCALMA18.5670820.42.56.39 ± 0.49
NMPSNM22.27256534.622.03.90 ± 0.31
GMDNHobart166553.114.64.89 ± 0.30
GMDNSão Martinho2848854.323.65.15 ± 0.38
GMDNShowa22954.32.45.01 ± 0.32
NMNagoya367758.429.14.69 ± 0.40
NMKuwait251961.222.73.96 ± 0.47
Misato MDMisato16735145.02.71.94 ± 0.22
ALPAQUITA Any1Any1474076.027724.26 ± 0.33
ALPAQUITA Any2Any24740960.0169< 0.95 (2 σ UL)
  • Any1 在中位刚性 76 GV 处观测到 FD 振幅为 4.26% ± 0.33%。
  • Any2 未观测到显著的 FD 下降,在 960 GV 处的 2σ 上限为 0.95%。
  • 跨多种探测器的幂律拟合得到 A_obs = (10.9% ± 0.9%) × (R_m / 10 GV)^(-0.55 ± 0.07)。
  • Any2 的上限略微暗示在 100 GV 至 1000 GV 之间存在谱线性软化,与 Misato 探测器的指示一致。
  • 对地磁暴效应进行了评估,认定对得到的结论影响很小。
  • ALPAQUITA 的 Any2 模式为 FD 研究提供独特的高刚性覆盖,推动未来更密集/分段的配置。
Figure 2: Layout of the ALPAQUITA surface array. Each square represents a 1 m 2 scintillating counter.
Figure 2: Layout of the ALPAQUITA surface array. Each square represents a 1 m 2 scintillating counter.

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