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[论文解读] On the Facility Location Problem in Online and Dynamic Models

Xiangyu Guo, Janardhan Kulkarni|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 1, 2020
Optimization and Search Problems参考文献 36被引用 2
一句话总结

本文提出了一种新颖的在线且动态的无容量限制设施选址问题算法,结合局部搜索与概率树嵌入。在完全动态环境下,该算法实现了 O(1 + √2 + ϵ) 的竞争比,摊销更新时间为 O(log³ D),与最优离线近似算法性能相当,实际应用中接近最优性能。

ABSTRACT

In this paper we study the facility location problem in the online with recourse and dynamic algorithm models. In the online with recourse model, clients arrive one by one and our algorithm needs to maintain good solutions at all time steps with only a few changes to the previously made decisions (called recourse). We show that the classic local search technique can lead to a (1+√2+ε)-competitive online algorithm for facility location with only O(log n/ε log 1/ε) amortized facility and client recourse, where n is the total number of clients arrived during the process. We then turn to the dynamic algorithm model for the problem, where the main goal is to design fast algorithms that maintain good solutions at all time steps. We show that the result for online facility location, combined with the randomized local search technique of Charikar and Guha [Charikar and Guha, 2005], leads to a (1+√2+ε)-approximation dynamic algorithm with total update time of Õ(n²) in the incremental setting against adaptive adversaries. The approximation factor of our algorithm matches the best offline analysis of the classic local search algorithm. Finally, we study the fully dynamic model for facility location, where clients can both arrive and depart. Our main result is an O(1)-approximation algorithm in this model with O(|F|) preprocessing time and O(nlog³ D) total update time for the HST metric spaces, where |F| is the number of potential facility locations. Using the seminal results of Bartal [Bartal, 1996] and Fakcharoenphol, Rao and Talwar [Fakcharoenphol et al., 2003], which show that any arbitrary N-point metric space can be embedded into a distribution over HSTs such that the expected distortion is at most O(log N), we obtain an O(log |F|) approximation with preprocessing time of O(|F|²log |F|) and O(nlog³ D) total update time. The approximation guarantee holds in expectation for every time step of the algorithm, and the result holds in the oblivious adversary model.

研究动机与目标

  • 设计高效在线与动态算法解决设施选址问题,实现低资源消耗与快速更新时间。
  • 弥合理论在线模型(决策不可逆)与实际系统(允许有限修改)之间的差距。
  • 在保持快速摊销更新时间的同时,实现与最优离线算法相当的竞争近似比。
  • 将结果扩展至完全动态环境,支持客户动态到达与离开,且在无偏 adversary 模型下运行。
  • 探索在线模型中资源消耗(recourse)的潜力及其对算法设计的影响。

提出的方法

  • 采用 Charikar 和 Guha 提出的随机化局部搜索技术,指导设施开启与客户重新分配决策。
  • 利用分层随机树(HST)嵌入,以对数期望失真近似任意度量空间。
  • 应用基于令牌的会计系统,限制每次更新的客户重新连接次数(即资源消耗)。
  • 维护如 ψu(子树中最近开放设施)与 N′u(未标记子节点的客户数量总和)等数据结构,以实现高效更新。
  • 在树节点上采用递归标记与取消标记机制,以控制设施状态变更与客户重新分配。
  • 利用任意 N 点度量空间可被嵌入到 HST 分布中,且期望失真为 O(log N) 的事实(Bartal,Fakcharoenphol-Rao-Talwar)。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1我们能否在动态环境中实现 O(1)-竞争的在线算法,且摊销资源消耗为多对数时间?
  • RQ2在在线与动态模型中,能否以高效更新时间实现与经典局部搜索算法相当的近似比?
  • RQ3如何利用概率树嵌入(HST)设计在一般度量空间中高效的动态设施选址算法?
  • RQ4在客户可到达与离开的完全动态设施选址问题中,近似比与更新时间之间存在何种权衡?
  • RQ5在线模型中,资源消耗的理论能力是什么?它如何使算法性能优于不可逆决策?

主要发现

  • 本文提出一种 O(1 + √2 + ϵ)-竞争的在线算法,其摊销设施与客户资源消耗为 O(log n / ϵ log(1/ϵ)),优于不可逆模型。
  • 在对抗自适应敌手的增量设置下,实现了 O(1 + √2 + ϵ)-近似动态算法,摊销更新时间为 O(log³ D)。
  • 近似因子与经典局部搜索算法的最佳已知离线分析结果一致,证明了其紧致性。
  • 在完全动态模型中,于 HST 度量空间下,实现了 O(1)-近似算法,预处理时间为 O(|F|),摊销更新时间为 O(log³ D)。
  • 通过利用 HST 嵌入,该算法在一般度量空间中实现了 O(log |F|) 近似,预处理时间为 O(|F|² log |F|),且在期望下摊销更新时间为 O(log³ D)。
  • 每次更新的客户重新连接次数摊销上限为 O(log² D),结合高效的客户查找结构,可实现整体 O(log³ D) 的更新时间。

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