[论文解读] Optimal Client Sampling for Federated Learning
简要结论:提出一种自适应、隐私友好的最优客户端采样方案,在联邦学习中降低通信量,对DSGD和FedAvg具有收敛性保障,且性能接近全参与。
It is well understood that client-master communication can be a primary bottleneck in Federated Learning. In this work, we address this issue with a novel client subsampling scheme, where we restrict the number of clients allowed to communicate their updates back to the master node. In each communication round, all participating clients compute their updates, but only the ones with "important" updates communicate back to the master. We show that importance can be measured using only the norm of the update and give a formula for optimal client participation. This formula minimizes the distance between the full update, where all clients participate, and our limited update, where the number of participating clients is restricted. In addition, we provide a simple algorithm that approximates the optimal formula for client participation, which only requires secure aggregation and thus does not compromise client privacy. We show both theoretically and empirically that for Distributed SGD (DSGD) and Federated Averaging (FedAvg), the performance of our approach can be close to full participation and superior to the baseline where participating clients are sampled uniformly. Moreover, our approach is orthogonal to and compatible with existing methods for reducing communication overhead, such as local methods and communication compression methods.
研究动机与目标
- 解决跨设备联邦学习中的通信瓶颈
- 开发一个自适应的客户端采样策略,以选取具有信息量的更新
- 确保与安全聚合和无状态客户端的兼容性
- 在凸与非凸设定下为DSGD和FedAvg提供收敛保证
提出的方法
- 将部分参与建模为包含概率为 p_i 的随机集合 S,并进行独立采样
- 推导在预算 m 下使梯度估计方差最小的闭式最优采样概率 p_i^k(Equation 7)
- 提供一个近似的、隐私保护算法(Algorithm 2),在保持近端最优性的同时避免泄露个体更新范数
- 通过仅聚合的方式实现与安全聚合和无状态客户端的兼容性
- 在凸与非凸假设下给出DSGD和FedAvg的收敛性分析(定理 13–18)
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在固定参与预算 m 的情况下,如何最小化主更新的方差?
- RQ2所提出的采样能否在不泄露隐私信息的情况下通过安全聚合和无状态客户端实现?
- RQ3在使用最优客户端采样时,DSGD 和 FedAvg 在凸与非凸设定下的收敛性保证是什么?
- RQ4在实际中,与全参与和均匀采样相比,该方法有怎样的表现?
主要发现
- 最优采样方案通过独立采样在参与预算下最小化梯度估计方差
- 提供 p_i^k 的闭式解(Equation 7),以及适用于隐私约束的高效近似 Algorithm 2
- 该方法在理论与实证中实现接近全参与的性能,并优于均匀采样
- 该采样与局部更新、梯度压缩方法正交且与安全聚合与无状态客户端兼容
- 该方法允许比均匀采样基线更大的学习率,从而提高通信效率和收敛性
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