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[论文解读] Origin of Biological Homochirality by Crystallization of an RNA Precursor on a Magnetic Surface

S. Furkan Ozturk, Ziwei Liu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 9, 2023
Origins and Evolution of Life参考文献 35被引用 4
一句话总结

本研究提出了一种前生物上合理的机制,通过磁铁矿(Fe₃O₄)表面的核糖氨基恶唑(RAO)前体的自旋选择性结晶,实现生物同手性起源。利用手性诱导自旋选择性(CISS)效应,磁性表面打破手性对称性,随后的混合晶体结晶过程将对映体过量放大至约60%,从而从外消旋起始溶液获得同手性RAO晶体——提供了一条稳健且自放大的生物同手性路径。

ABSTRACT

Homochirality is a signature of life on Earth yet its origins remain an unsolved puzzle. Achieving homochirality is essential for a high-yielding prebiotic network capable of producing functional polymers like ribonucleic acid (RNA) and peptides. However, a prebiotically plausible and robust mechanism to reach homochirality has not been shown to this date. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect has established a strong coupling between electron spin and molecular chirality and this coupling paves the way for breaking the chiral molecular symmetry by spin-selective processes. Magnetic surfaces can act as chiral agents due to the CISS effect and they can be templates for the enantioselective crystallization of chiral molecules. Here we studied the spin-selective crystallization of racemic ribo aminooxazoline (RAO), an RNA precursor, on magnetite ($Fe_3O_4$) surfaces, achieving an unprecedented enantiomeric excess of about 60$\%$. Following the initial enrichment, we then obtained homochiral crystals of RAO after a subsequent crystallization. Our work combines two necessary features for reaching homochirality: chiral symmetry-breaking induced by the magnetic surface and self-amplification by conglomerate crystallization of RAO. Our results demonstrate a prebiotically plausible way of achieving systems level homochirality from completely racemic starting materials.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决生命标志性特征——生物同手性起源这一未解之谜,识别一种前生物上合理的对称性破缺机制。
  • 研究磁性表面是否可通过手性诱导自旋选择性(CISS)效应作为手性试剂,诱导前生物分子的对映选择性结晶。
  • 证明在磁铁矿上RAO的混合晶体结晶可将微小的手性偏置放大至高对映体过量(ee),最终形成同手性晶体。
  • 建立反馈机制,使手性分子进一步极化磁性表面,增强自旋排列,实现在弱磁场下形成同手性。

提出的方法

  • 在前生物相关条件下合成外消旋核糖氨基恶唑(RAO),作为关键RNA前体。
  • 使用磁铁矿(Fe₃O₄)纳米颗粒作为手性模板,利用其通过CISS效应产生的本征自旋极化。
  • 在受控条件下对磁铁矿表面进行RAO的蒸发结晶,以评估对映选择性成核。
  • 利用圆二色谱(CD)光谱测量对映体过量(ee),并通过X射线衍射确认晶体结构。
  • 利用原子力显微镜(AFM)和NMR表征表面自旋极化,关联磁性性质与手性诱导效应。
  • 建立弱磁场下系统行为的模型,以评估前生物可行性,重点关注超顺磁性Fe₃O₄颗粒(约100 nm)的剩余磁化强度。
Figure 1: The mechanism of spin-selective crystallization due to the CISS effect and the experimental setup. a. As molecules approach a surface, they transiently acquire an induced charge polarization. Due to the CISS effect, transient charge polarization of a chiral molecule is accompanied by spin
Figure 1: The mechanism of spin-selective crystallization due to the CISS effect and the experimental setup. a. As molecules approach a surface, they transiently acquire an induced charge polarization. Due to the CISS effect, transient charge polarization of a chiral molecule is accompanied by spin

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1具有本征自旋极化的磁性表面是否能诱导前生物手性分子RAO的对映选择性结晶?
  • RQ2磁铁矿表面的手性诱导自旋选择性(CISS)效应是否在RAO结晶中产生可测量的手性偏置?
  • RQ3RAO在磁铁矿上的混合晶体结晶是否能将微小初始手性偏置放大至高对映体过量(ee),最终形成同手性晶体?
  • RQ4该机制在代表早期地球条件的弱磁场下是否具有鲁棒性,特别是当使用小尺寸超顺磁性磁铁矿颗粒时?
  • RQ5手性RAO分子与磁性表面之间的相互作用是否能形成反馈回路,增强自旋极化并稳定同手性?

主要发现

  • 在磁铁矿表面结晶的外消旋RAO产生了约60%的对映体过量(ee),证明了有效手性对称性破缺。
  • 高ee归因于磁铁矿表面的自旋选择性成核与混合晶体结晶的自放大特性。
  • 磁铁矿纳米颗粒(约100 nm)在弱磁场(0.1 mT)下表现出足够的剩余磁化强度(高于10 kA/m),使该机制具有前生物可行性。
  • 经过第二次结晶步骤后,系统获得同手性RAO晶体,表明初始手性偏置已被放大至同手性状态。
  • 该机制在水相条件下具有鲁棒性,且无需像以往对映体分离方法那样使用HCl等强溶剂。
  • 手性RAO分子与磁性表面之间的反馈可进一步增强自旋极化,表明存在一条自维持的同手性形成路径。
Figure 2: Stereoselective and enantioselective crystallization of RAO. a. A microscope image of the nearly enantiopure RAO crystals formed on a magnetite surface from their racemic solution. b. Circular dichroism spectra of the crystals formed on the magnetite surface. The red (blue) spectrum corres
Figure 2: Stereoselective and enantioselective crystallization of RAO. a. A microscope image of the nearly enantiopure RAO crystals formed on a magnetite surface from their racemic solution. b. Circular dichroism spectra of the crystals formed on the magnetite surface. The red (blue) spectrum corres

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