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[论文解读] Pricing with a Hidden Sample

Zhihao Gavin Tang, Yixin Tao|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 20, 2026
Auction Theory and Applications被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文提出使用单个隐藏样本来实现凹性定价策略的隐藏定价机制,连接基于统计的和基于样本的鲁棒定价。

ABSTRACT

We study prior-independent pricing for selling a single item to a single buyer when the seller observes only a single sample from the valuation distribution, while the buyer knows the distribution. Classical robust pricing approaches either rely on distributional statistics, which typically require many samples to estimate, or directly use revealed samples to determine prices and allocations. We show that these two regimes can be bridged by leveraging the buyer's informational advantage: pricing policies that conventionally require the seller to know statistics such as the mean, $L^η$-norm, or superquantile can, in our framework, be implemented using only a single hidden sample. We introduce hidden pricing mechanisms, in which the seller commits ex ante to a pricing rule based on a single sample that is revealed only after the buyer's participation decision. We show that every concave pricing policy can be implemented in this way. To evaluate performance guarantees, we develop a general reduction for analyzing monotone pricing policies over $α$-regular distributions, enabling a tractable characterization of worst-case instances. Using this reduction, we characterize the optimal monotone hidden pricing mechanisms and compute their approximation ratios; in particular, we obtain an approximation ratio of approximately $0.79$ for monotone hazard rate (MHR) distributions. We further establish impossibility results for general concave pricing policies and for all prior-independent mechanisms. Finally, we show that our framework also applies to statistic-based robust pricing, thereby unifying sample-based and statistic-based approaches.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过利用买方分布知识,动机化对卖方信息有限时的先验无关定价。
  • 引入隐藏定价机制,在其中使用单个样本来实现目标分布统计。
  • 开发一个可行的归约,用以分析 alpha-正则分布下的单调定价策略。
  • 刻画最优的单调隐藏定价机制并量化近似保证。
  • 展示隐藏定价与基于统计的鲁棒定价之间的联系,统一两种范式。

提出的方法

  • 定义包含定价规则 h(s, F') 的隐藏定价机制,买家在从 F 抽取样本 s 之后报告一个分布 F'。
  • 若一个定价规则对应一个在分布上的凹函数 p,则该定价规则是合适的,从而通过隐藏定价规则实现。
  • 给出一个归约,证明对于任意确定性的单调定价策略, nature 的最坏分布位于一个简单的二维参数(或某些统计量情况下的一参数)族内。
  • 计算最优的单调隐藏定价机制(基于定理的结果),并对 alpha-正则分布,特别是 MHR,获得定量近似比。
  • 给出不可能性结果,展示凹性定价策略和所有先验无关机制的局限性,并讨论与基于统计的鲁棒定价的等价性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1卖方仅有一个观测样本,是否能够达到与知道分布统计信息的经典统计机制同样的性能?
  • RQ2隐藏定价规则如何使用单个样本实现常见统计量(均值、L^η 范数、CVaR)?
  • RQ3在 alpha-正则(显著地 MHR)分布下,单调隐藏定价机制能达到的最佳近似比是多少?
  • RQ4隐藏定价机制如何与并统一统计基的鲁棒定价方法相关?

主要发现

  • 单个隐藏样本足以匹配均值定价、L^η-范数定价和超分位定价的经典保证。
  • 对于 MHR 分布,最优的单调隐藏定价机制达到的近似比约为 0.79。
  • 存在下界与上界,表明:没有凹定价规则在 MHR 下能超过 0.801,而所有先验无关机制的上界为 0.838。
  • 一个玩具式的均匀分布示例给出近似比为 0.875,在该设置下是先验无关机制中的最优解。
  • 该框架也扩展到基于统计的鲁棒定价,且对超越凹函数的单调统计量也可适用,从而实现样本-统计基的统一。

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