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[论文解读] Quiescent or dusty? Unveiling the nature of extremely red galaxies at $z>3$

Laia Barrufet, Pascal A. Oesch|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 11, 2024
Astronomy and Astrophysical Research被引用 5
一句话总结

该论文展示了 JWST/NIRSpec PRISM 光谱观测的23个 HST-dark 星系(H-F444W>1.75),揭示大多数星系尘埃较重,且相当一部分处于静默状态,具有准确的红移和尘埃测量;其中一个静默源显示 AGN 活动。

ABSTRACT

The advent of the JWST has revolutionised our understanding of high-redshift galaxies. In particular, the NIRCam instrument on-board JWST has revealed a population of Hubble Space Telescope (HST)-dark galaxies that had previously evaded optical detection, potentially due to significant dust obscuration, quiescence, or simply extreme redshift. Here, we present the first NIRSpec spectra of 23 HST-dark galaxies ($\mathrm{H-F444W>1.75}$), unveiling their nature and physical properties. This sample includes both dusty and quiescent galaxies with spectroscopic data from NIRSpec/PRISM, providing accurate spectroscopic redshifts with $\mathrm{\overline{z}_{spec} = 4.1 \pm 0.7}$. The spectral features demonstrate that, while the majority of HST-dark galaxies are dusty, a substantial fraction, $\mathrm{13^{+9}_{-6} \%}$, are quiescent. For the dusty galaxies, we have quantified the dust attenuation using the Balmer decrement ($\mathrm{Hα/ Hβ}$), finding attenuations $\mathrm{A_{V} > 2\ mag}$. We find that HST-dark dusty galaxies are $\mathrm{Hα}$ emitters with equivalent widths spanning the range $\mathrm{ 68 A < EW_{Hα} < 550 A }$, indicative of a wide range of recent star-formation activity. Whether dusty or quiescent, we find that HST-dark galaxies are predominantly massive, with 85\% of the galaxies in the sample having masses $\mathrm{log(M_{*}/M_{\odot}) > 9.8}$. This pilot NIRSpec program reveals the diverse nature of HST-dark galaxies and highlights the effectiveness of NIRSpec/PRISM spectroscopic follow-up in distinguishing between dusty and quiescent galaxies and properly quantifying their physical properties. Upcoming research utilising higher-resolution NIRSpec data and combining JWST with ALMA observations will enhance our understanding of these enigmatic and challenging sources.

研究动机与目标

  • 使用 NIRSpec PRISM 光谱(1–5 μm)通过 23 个从 NIRCam 成像中选出的 HST-dark 星系,确定其红移分布。
  • 通过光谱特征区分尘埃型与静默型 HST-dark 星系。
  • 量化样本的尘埃消光与基本物理性质(质量、SFR)。
  • 评估 HST-dark 星系中是否存在 AGN 活动。
  • 为未来 JWST+ALMA 对高红移红星系的研究提供基准。

提出的方法

  • 获取分辨率较低的 (R~100) NIRSpec PRISM 光谱(1–5 μm)用于 23 个 HST-dark 星系,来自 NIRCam 成像的选择。
  • 提取发射线与连续光谱,拟合 Hβ、[OIII]、Hα、[NII]、[SII] 以测量线通量与 Balmer 折返。
  • 基于发射线与 Balmer breaks 特征将星系分类为尘埃型或静默型。
  • 利用 BAGPIPES 在具有光谱红移与多波段光度数据的条件下进行 SED 拟合,以导出 M*、SFR 与 A_V。
  • 利用 Balmer 折返 (Hα/Hβ) 借助 Calzetti 消光来推导 A_V,并在 Hα 光度测量中考虑 [NII] 的混合影响。
  • 在 SED 分析中引入带有广义 τ 的延迟型 SFH 模型、金属丰度 0.2–2.5 Z⊙,以及 CLOUDY 星云发射。
Figure 1: Colour magnitude diagram (F444W vs H-F444W) of the total sample (grey triangles) of the ’Quiescent or dusty?’ program (GO 2198). We selected 23 red galaxies (red diamonds) with the colour $\mathrm{H-F444W>1.75}$ similar to Barrufet et al. ( 2023a ) (black line). This subset includes severa
Figure 1: Colour magnitude diagram (F444W vs H-F444W) of the total sample (grey triangles) of the ’Quiescent or dusty?’ program (GO 2198). We selected 23 red galaxies (red diamonds) with the colour $\mathrm{H-F444W>1.75}$ similar to Barrufet et al. ( 2023a ) (black line). This subset includes severa

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在 JWST/NIRSpec PRISM 观测下,HST-dark 星系的红移分布如何?
  • RQ2基于光谱数据,z>3 的 HST-dark 星系中尘埃型与静默型各占多少比例?
  • RQ3通过 Balmer 折返得到的星尘消光与 SED 拟合中的连续差异消光有何关系?
  • RQ4是否有尘埃型 HST-dark 星系表现出 AGN 活性(通过发射线轮廓指示)?
  • RQ5这些星系的恒星质量与 Hα 等效宽度(EW)是多少,它们与分类之间有何关系?

主要发现

编号RADecF_Hα (10^-20 erg/s/cm^2)F_Hβ (10^-20 erg/s/cm^2)A_VEW_Hα (Å)zspec
126053.0748575-27.875898290 ± 82<68>1.4068 ± 264.44
154853.1347898-27.907492463 ± 44<72>2.7770 ± 94.43
161653.0766784-27.87346983553 ± 104<452>3.49331 ± 173.46
301253.0767591-27.8641199414 ± 50<115>0.80149 ± 443.47
333953.1147448-27.89042021495 ± 50230 ± 312.83304 ± 595.41
364053.0821208-27.8598697720 ± 94<78>4.03146 ± 313.65
430753.1406347-27.88137561137 ± 5583 ± 265.40375 ± 2315.52
449053.0410546-27.85447061829 ± 72290 ± 422.74484 ± 813.70
482053.034904-27.85217911966 ± 46225 ± 363.85545 ± 1033.79
544653.0279874-27.84708621261 ± 51<209<2.58267 ± 242.71
551053.1783286-27.87027341369 ± 49<264>2.06134 ± 63.47
560753.1233683-27.8705379434 ± 2872 ± 282.58346 ± 383.59
615153.0420756-27.8426437316 ± 36<51>2.652025 ± 1764.38
1246953.0446935-27.81363182177 ± 50323 ± 632.96280 ± 173.55
1257753.0484576-27.81514211799 ± 66146 ± 195.05977 ± 675.23
715153.05672-27.8363831427 ± 67<119<4.82647 ± 933.79
  • 中位 z_spec = 4.1 ± 0.7;所有源都位于 z ≳ 3,峰值约在 z ≈ 4。
  • 13^{+9}_{-6}% (3/23) 的 HST-dark 样本在 z>3 时为静默型。
  • 尘埃型 HST-dark 星系的 Balmer 折返所推导的 A_V 值通常>2.6 mag,某些情形接近 A_V ≈ 5 mag。
  • 通过 Balmer 折返得到的尘埃消光高于通过 SED 拟合得到的连续光学消光,体现出 Nebular 与 stellar 区域之间的差异性消光。
  • 所有尘埃型 HST-dark 星系都是 Hα 发射体,静态框的 rest-frame EW 介于 ~68 Å 到 ~550 Å(除一个 AGN 主导的案例约 ~1000 Å 外)。
  • 一个静默星系(ID=8777,z=4.7)显示出宽 Hα,表明有 AGN 活性;总体而言,样本中 AGN 徽迹较少。
Figure 2: This figure presents spectral fitting examples for two distinct HST-dark galaxies: dusty and quiescent. Black lines denote the observed spectra, while the red lines depict Gaussian fits to spectral lines and the linear fitting to the continuum. (Top) The dusty HST-dark galaxy (ID=3339) pre
Figure 2: This figure presents spectral fitting examples for two distinct HST-dark galaxies: dusty and quiescent. Black lines denote the observed spectra, while the red lines depict Gaussian fits to spectral lines and the linear fitting to the continuum. (Top) The dusty HST-dark galaxy (ID=3339) pre

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