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[论文解读] Real-time Amplitude and Phase Estimation of AC Fields with Diamond Spins

C. T.-K. Lew, Samuel A. Wilkinson|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 27, 2026
Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research被引用 0
一句话总结

论文展示了使用 NV 亚集体自旋,通过单对连续测量,实现对同相交流磁场的实时、相位敏感估计,单次量测的振幅为 78 nT,相位为 63 mrad,分辨率为 320 μs,并展示了频率失谐与实时频率跟踪效应。

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have been shown to be capable of detecting AC magnetic fields with high sensitivity, spectral resolution, and spatial resolution. However, most studies so far have focused on the regime of time-averaged or time-correlated measurements, while little attention has been paid to the single-shot regime. Here we show that the amplitude and phase of an AC field can be retrieved from a single pair of two consecutive measurements. We demonstrate this concept by measuring a 4 MHz AC field with a per-shot amplitude and phase sensitivity of 78 nT and 63 mrad, respectively, at a temporal resolution of 320 us. We also investigate the effects and quantify the errors resulting from probe frequency detunings, as well as operating in the strong field regime. Moreover, we showcase the ability of the measurement protocol to dynamically change the probe frequency in real-time. This work advances the use of NV centers for real-time measurements of AC magnetic fields.

研究动机与目标

  • 推动基于 NV 中心自旋的实时、相位敏感的交流感测,超越时间平均化的 regime.
  • 开发一个协议,从单对连续测量中提取同相(I)和正交分量(Q)。
  • 分析频率失谐与强场效应如何影响测量精度与鲁棒性。
  • 通过在测量过程中动态调整探测频率,展示实时频率跟踪。
  • 展示在 NMR、材料科学与无线传感等领域通过快速交流场表征的潜在应用。

提出的方法

  • 使用一个具有 CPDD-XY8 控制序列的 NV 中心亚集来实现感测协议。
  • 在固定演化时间内准备自旋叠加态并在响应于交流探针场 S(t) 时累积相位。
  • 从 Δt = (n + 1/4) T_AC 间隔的两次测量中获取 I(t) 与 Q(t),以检索振幅 R(t) 和相位 φ(t)。
  • 在弱场近似下,将 I 和 Q 建模为 I ≈ A(T_evo) ξ cos(φ(t)),Q ≈ A(T_evo) ξ cos(φ(t)+π/2),其中 ξ = κ γ_NV R_test T_evo,CPDD 的 κ 约为 1/2。
  • 通过线性拟合校准响应,确定 PL 与场强之间关系的斜率(4.85 mV/μT)。
  • 通过 IQ 图分析和一个理想化模型研究失谐与高场效应,量化 Δ = f_test − f_probe 时的椭圆度和相位旋转。
Figure 1: Protocol for real-time magnetic field amplitude and phase estimation. (a) Bloch sphere representation of a TLS subject to a MW driving field and an AC probe field. (b) Phasor representation of the amplitude and phase of three different measurement points, plotted in terms of its I and Q co
Figure 1: Protocol for real-time magnetic field amplitude and phase estimation. (a) Bloch sphere representation of a TLS subject to a MW driving field and an AC probe field. (b) Phasor representation of the amplitude and phase of three different measurement points, plotted in terms of its I and Q co

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1单对连续测量是否能够为同一时间获得交流场的实时振幅与相位信息?
  • RQ2频率失谐和强场振幅如何影响该实时协议中 IQ 表征(I–Q)的精度和几何形状?
  • RQ3时间分辨率与灵敏度的上限是什么,当测试信号频率变化时如何实现实时跟踪?
  • RQ4是否可在实时动态调整探针频率以保持准确的振幅与相位估计?
  • RQ5在现实实验条件下实现 NV 亚集的实时交流 sensing 时,实际考虑因素与误差源是什么?

主要发现

  • 单次测量的振幅与相位灵敏度在 320 μs 时间分辨率下达到 78 nT 与 63 mrad。
  • 归一化的振幅与相位灵敏度大约分别为 1.7 nT/√Hz 与 1.2 mrad/√Hz。
  • Allan 偏差在大约 100 ms 前呈现 ~τ^−1/2 的行为,较长时间尺度出现颜色噪声效应。
  • CPDD 谐振与失谐 Δ 在 f_test = f_probe 时引入振幅峰值,并产生 IQ 椭圆扭曲与相位旋转,可通过主/次轴的变化和椭圆度来量化。
  • 在强场区间,相位包裹会扭曲 IQ 图,部分不对称性归因于超精细相互作用与拉比失谐。
  • 实时频率跟踪在将 f_probe 动态调整以匹配变化的 f_test 时,成功保持准确的振幅与相位,且在 320 μs 数据点与 CPDD 重复次数 N 调整下保持约 71 kHz 的滤波带宽。
Figure 2: Demonstration of real-time AC sensing. (a)(i) Measured PL response as a function of input AC magnetic field strength. The red solid line is expected behavior from theory following Eqs. 3a and 3b , with the slope of the fit equal $4.85$ mV/ $\upmu$ T. The residual is plotted in (ii). (b) Me
Figure 2: Demonstration of real-time AC sensing. (a)(i) Measured PL response as a function of input AC magnetic field strength. The red solid line is expected behavior from theory following Eqs. 3a and 3b , with the slope of the fit equal $4.85$ mV/ $\upmu$ T. The residual is plotted in (ii). (b) Me

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