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[论文解读] The Nature of CO Emission From z~6 Quasars

Desika Narayanan, Yuexing Li|Durham Research Online (Durham University)|Jul 20, 2007
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena参考文献 113被引用 29
一句话总结

本研究利用非局部热动平衡(non-LTE)辐射转移与ΛCDM框架下的并合驱动模拟,探究了z~6类星体中CO发射的性质。研究发现,CO谱线宽度具有视线依赖性,正面视角下谱线更窄,与观测到的J1148+5251类星体一致;当考虑选择效应后,由CO谱线宽度推导的动力学质量与M_BH–M_bulge关系相符。

ABSTRACT

We investigate the nature of CO emission from z~6 quasars by combining non-LTE radiative transfer calculations with merger-driven models of z~6 quasar formation that arise naturally in LCDM cosmological simulations. We consider four model quasars formed in 10^12-10^13 M_sun halos from different merging histories. Our main results follow. Owing to massive starbursts and funneling of dense gas into the nuclear regions of merging galaxies, the CO is highly excited and the flux density peaks between J=5-8. The CO morphology of z~6 quasars often exhibits multiple emission peaks which arise from H2 concentrations which have not yet fully coalesced. Quasars at z~6 display a large range of sightline dependent line widths such that the lines are narrowest when the rotating H2 gas associated with the quasar is viewed face-on (when L_B is largest), and broadest when the gas is seen edge-on (when L_B is lowest). Thus for all models selection effects exist such that quasars selected for optical luminosity are preferentially face-on which may result in detected CO line widths narrower than the median. The sightline averaged line width is reflective of the circular velocity (V_c) of the host halo, and ranges from sigma~300-650 km/s. For optically selected QSOs, 10-25% (halo-mass dependant) of sightlines have narrow line widths compatible with the sole CO detection at z>6, J1148+5251. When accounting for both the temporal evolution of CO line widths, as well as the redshift evolution of halo V_c, these models self-consistently account for the CO line widths of both z~2 sub-mm galaxies and QSO's. Finally, the dynamical mass derived from the sightline averaged line widths provides a good estimate of the total mass, and allows for a stellar bulge and SMBH consistent with the local M_BH-M_bulge relation. [abridged]

研究动机与目标

  • 理解高红移z~6类星体中CO发射的物理起源,特别是观测到的CO谱线宽度和形态特征。
  • 研究ΛCDM结构形成模拟中并合驱动的星系形成如何产生与z=6.42类星体J1148+5251观测结果一致的CO发射特性。
  • 评估视角选择效应(尤其是光学明亮类星体)对观测到的CO谱线宽度的影响。
  • 确定z~6类星体中由CO推导的动力学质量是否与M_BH–M_bulge关系一致。
  • 探讨CO谱线宽度随红移和晕质量的演化,以及其与z~2亚毫米波星系和类星体观测的一致性。

提出的方法

  • 结合非局部热动平衡(non-LTE)辐射转移计算与ΛCDM结构形成模拟中的并合驱动类星体形成模型。
  • 模拟了四例形成于10^12–10^13 M☉宿主晕中的代表性z~6类星体,具有多样的并合历史。
  • 采用大速度梯度(LVG)辐射转移建模,预测J=3–8跃迁的CO发射线轮廓。
  • 通过计算多个视角下的发射,分析视线依赖的CO谱线宽度与形态特征。
  • 将模拟的CO谱线宽度与形态与J1148+5251的观测结果进行比较,特别是J=6的CO发射峰值与窄线宽特征。
  • 评估由CO谱线宽度推导的动力学质量估计值,并与晕质量与星系核球质量比较,以检验其与M_BH–M_bulge关系的一致性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何z~6类星体如J1148+5251的CO发射在J=6处达到峰值?宿主星系中的何种物理条件导致这一现象?
  • RQ2视线依赖的视角如何影响z~6类星体中观测到的CO谱线宽度?选择效应对观测样本的影响如何?
  • RQ3ΛCDM框架下的并合驱动模型能否重现J1148+5251的观测CO形态与谱线宽度?
  • RQ4z~6类星体中由CO推导的动力学质量是否与M_BH–M_bulge关系一致?选择效应如何影响这一结论?
  • RQ5晕的旋转速度随红移的演化如何影响不同红移类星体中预测的CO谱线宽度?

主要发现

  • z~6类星体中的CO发射在J=5–8处达到峰值,这是由于大质量星暴和致密气体向核区的集中导致的高激发状态。
  • CO形态显示多个发射峰值,反映出未合并的分子气体聚集区,与J1148+5251的多epoch观测结果一致。
  • 视线依赖的谱线宽度范围为:10^12 M☉晕中约300 km s⁻¹,10^13 M☉晕中约650 km s⁻¹,其平均值反映宿主晕的旋转速度。
  • 在模拟类星体中,仅有2–10%的视线具有与J1148+5251兼容的谱线宽度,但若选择光学明亮类星体,则该比例上升至10–25%,因正面视角更可能被观测到。
  • 正面视角可最小化消光效应,产生更窄的CO谱线,解释了为何光学明亮类星体通常比平均类星体具有更窄的观测谱线宽度。
  • 模型通过考虑晕旋转速度的红移演化,自洽地重现了z~6类星体与z~2亚毫米波星系中的CO谱线宽度。

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