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[论文解读] The Penn Jerboa: A Platform for Exploring Parallel Composition of Templates

Avik De, Daniel E. Koditschek|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 18, 2015
Robotic Locomotion and Control参考文献 37被引用 31
一句话总结

Penn Jerboa 是一个12自由度的被动顺应性尾部双足机器人,通过并行组合四个解耦的1自由度控制器,实现了动态行走。通过分别对垂直、前后、俯仰和形态控制模板应用独立的反馈律,该平台实现了稳定的尾部驱动平面跳跃,实证验证表明在多种物理构型下均表现出一致的极限环和锚定的模板动力学。

ABSTRACT

We have built a 12DOF, passive-compliant legged, tailed biped actuated by four brushless DC motors. We anticipate that this machine will achieve varied modes of quasistatic and dynamic balance, enabling a broad range of locomotion tasks including sitting, standing, walking, hopping, running, turning, leaping, and more. Achieving this diversity of behavior with a single under-actuated body, requires a correspondingly diverse array of controllers, motivating our interest in compositional techniques that promote mixing and reuse of a relatively few base constituents to achieve a combinatorially growing array of available choices. Here we report on the development of one important example of such a behavioral programming method, the construction of a novel monopedal sagittal plane hopping gait through parallel composition of four decoupled 1DOF base controllers. For this example behavior, the legs are locked in phase and the body is fastened to a boom to restrict motion to the sagittal plane. The platform's locomotion is powered by the hip motor that adjusts leg touchdown angle in flight and balance in stance, along with a tail motor that adjusts body shape in flight and drives energy into the passive leg shank spring during stance. The motor control signals arise from the application in parallel of four simple, completely decoupled 1DOF feedback laws that provably stabilize in isolation four corresponding 1DOF abstract reference plants. Each of these abstract 1DOF closed loop dynamics represents some simple but crucial specific component of the locomotion task at hand. We present a partial proof of correctness for this parallel composition of template reference systems along with data from the physical platform suggesting these templates are anchored as evidenced by the correspondence of their characteristic motions with a suitably transformed image of traces from the physical platform.

研究动机与目标

  • 开发一种模块化、可扩展的控制框架,用于欠驱动腿式机器人,采用组合式模板化设计。
  • 通过控制器组合,使单一欠驱动平台能够实现多样化运动行为,如跳跃、腾跃和转向。
  • 验证:对抽象1自由度参考植物的简单、解耦控制器,可通过并行组合产生稳定、高层级的运动行为。
  • 通过受控的物理实验,将抽象控制模板与物理机器人动力学实际锚定。
  • 为并行组合的运动模板稳定性提供形式化验证的基础。

提出的方法

  • 该平台使用四个独立的1自由度反馈律,每个分别稳定一个代表核心运动组件的抽象参考植物:垂直运动、前后速度、俯仰和身体形态。
  • 每个控制器并行应用于物理系统,控制律之间无耦合,从而实现模块化设计与复用。
  • 机器人在三种构型下被物理约束:带尾垂直跳跃器、带尾质点跳跃器和完全解耦的带尾平面跳跃器,以测试模板锚定。
  • 控制架构对物理约束不敏感,仅依赖于四个控制器输出的叉积生成电机信号。
  • 采用受混合零动态启发的框架对系统建模,模板被定义为全系统动力学的吸引不变子流形。
  • 通过部分正确性证明分析稳定性,辅以物理跳跃实验的实证数据。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1单一欠驱动机器人是否可通过简单、解耦的1自由度控制器组合实现多样化动态运动行为?
  • RQ2当机器人在不同物理构型下被物理约束时,抽象1自由度控制模板是否仍能锚定到物理系统动力学?
  • RQ3独立的、可证明稳定的控制器并行组合是否足以产生如尾部驱动跳跃等稳定、高层级运动行为?
  • RQ4抽象模板的特征运动与物理实验中变换后的轨迹之间有何相关性?
  • RQ5在真实世界、非理想建模的系统中,此类组合式控制框架的实际局限性是什么?

主要发现

  • 带尾质点跳跃器构型实现了稳定前向跳跃,持续超过20次步态,仅受空间限制。
  • 完全解耦系统跳跃约10次后失效,主要由于质心错位违反了设计假设。
  • 实证数据显示,在所有三种受约束构型中均表现出一致的垂直极限环,具有稳定的支撑时长和近乎恒定的最高点高度。
  • 髋角动力学在支撑阶段表现出近似恒定的加速度($\ddot{\theta}_1 \approx 0$),支持了模型假设。
  • 形态坐标在支撑阶段不稳定,而在飞行阶段稳定,与尾部驱动能量注入的设计目标一致。
  • 俯仰偏转幅度较小,且与理论预测一致,表明身体姿态得到有效稳定。

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