[论文解读] Wireless bioelectronics for untethered biohybrid robots

Hiroyuki Tetsuka, Minoru Hirano|arXiv (Cornell University)|Mar 26, 2026

Wireless Power Transfer Systems被引用 0

一句话总结

论文提出一个系统级框架用于生物混合机器人中的无线生物电子控制，分析三种控制模态并强调组织-设备界面约束以指导稳定性、可扩展性与自治性设计。

ABSTRACT

Biohybrid robots integrate living tissues with engineered artificial structures to achieve organism-inspired actuation and behavior. A persistent challenge is delivering stimulation and control signals without relying on tethered wiring or bulky hardware immersed in cell-culture media. Wireless bioelectronics addresses this limitation by enabling the remote transfer of control signals, typically via radio-frequency magnetic fields, to locally stimulate muscle tissues at tissue-electrode interfaces. In parallel, wireless optoelectronics enables remote control of optogenetically modified, muscle-based robots by embedding light emitters that initiate muscle actuation through light-gated ion channels. Further advances incorporate neuromuscular junctions, leveraging biological signal transduction to enable selective control of multiple actuators through wireless frequency- and time-division multiplexing. This perspective article summarizes recent advances in control strategies for biohybrid robots, namely, wireless electrical stimulation, wireless optical stimulation, and neuromuscular integration. Then this describes cross-cutting design principles and highlights a future direction, namely, co-integration of neural organoid-bioelectronics toward autonomous, closed-loop biohybrid robots.

研究动机与目标

• Motivate a unified engineering framework connecting device design to system-level control in wireless bioelectronic interfaces for biohybrid robotics.
• Analyze three representative wireless control modalities (electrical, optoelectronic, neuromuscular) and identify regime-specific trade-offs.
• Identify tissue-device interface as a key constraint affecting electromagnetic coupling, circuit performance, and biomechanical response.
• Outline practical design principles for electromagnetic field distribution, circuit architecture, and actuator mechanics.
• Propose a transition from open-loop stimulation to closed-loop, autonomous biohybrid systems using organoid-integrated bioelectronics and bidirectional interfaces.

提出的方法

• Formulate wireless control in biohybrid robotics as a coupled co-design problem spanning signal delivery, spatial selectivity, scalability, and interface stability.
• Analyze three control modalities: wireless electrical stimulation, wireless optoelectronic stimulation, and neuromuscular integration.
• Identify tissue-device interface as a central constraint linking electromagnetic coupling, circuit performance, and biomechanical response.
• Outline design principles across electromagnetic field distribution, circuit architecture, and actuator mechanics.
• Discuss progression toward closed-loop control with organoid-integrated bioelectronics and bidirectional microelectrode interfaces.

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 What are the fundamental design trade-offs across wireless control modalities for biohybrid robots?
• RQ2 How does the tissue-device interface constrain system-level performance and stability in wireless bioelectronic control?
• RQ3 What design principles enable stable, scalable, and autonomous biohybrid robotic systems?
• RQ4 Can open-loop stimulation be effectively transformed into closed-loop, autonomous control via bidirectional interfaces and organoid integration?

主要发现

• A unified co-design perspective clarifies how signal delivery, spatial selectivity, scalability, and interface stability interact across modalities.
• Tissue-device interface emerges as a key constraint governing electromagnetic coupling, circuit performance, and biomechanical response.
• Design principles are proposed for electromagnetic field distribution, circuit architecture, and actuator mechanics to improve stability and scalability.
• Transition pathways from open-loop to closed-loop control are outlined, leveraging organoid-integrated bioelectronics and bidirectional microelectrode interfaces.