Jeffrey S. Cross

The increasing use of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) worldwide has brought attention to tools that can assist English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in their journey to fluency. Much research has shown that EFL learners often do not have sufficient latitude to output at a satisfactory level when writing in a second language. In addition, cognitive (working memory) resources are spent on low-level writing tasks (word production, translation) at the expense of time being allocated to highe

Biobutanol was produced from cooked rice by utilizing two steps: microbial saccharification followed by aerobic acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) fermentation. The scaled-up process was simulated <italic>via</italic> SuperPro Designer®.

Abstract (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3[PLZT] films were prepared by CSD on sputtered electrodes of Pt/IrO2 on SiO2/Si wafers. Top electrodes consisting of Pt/SrRuO3(SRO) were sputter deposited and the Pt/SRO/PLZT/Pt capacitors were annealed at 600°C. Evaluation of fatigue endurance revealed that more than 6% excess Pb was necessary to produce a fatigue free capacitor. However, the FeCap leakage current increased in proportion to the film excess Pb content. SIMS analysis of the FeCap containing 10% excess P

Ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) has been in mass production for over 15 years. Higher polarization ferroelectric materials are needed for future devices which can operate above about 100 °C. With this goal in mind, co-doping of thin Pb(Zr₄₀,Ti₆₀)O₃ (PZT) films with 1 at.% Bi and 1 at.% Fe was examined in order to enhance the ferroelectric properties as well as characterize the doped material. The XRD patterns of PZT-5% BiFeO₃ (BF) and PZT 14

This report describes market-wide trends for the geothermal industry throughout 2008 and the beginning of 2009. It begins with an overview of the U.S. DOE's Geothermal Technology Program's (GTP's) involvement with the geothermal industry and recent investment trends for electric generation technologies. The report next describes the current state of geothermal power generation and activity within the United States, costs associated with development, financing trends, an analysis of the levelized

(Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O 3 [PLZT] films with thicknesses of 150, 225 and 300 nm were prepared by chemical solution deposition (CSD) on Pt/IrO 2 coated SiO 2 /Si wafers. Top electrodes of Pt/SRO were sputter deposited and annealed at 600°C to form a capacitor. All three PLZT films were highly (111) oriented and showed high switchable polarization of &gt;40 µC·cm -2 at 200 kV·cm -1 . A coercive field of 40 kV·cm -1 was observed for all three films regardless of thickness. Little fatigue degradation was o

The consumption of fossil fuels is one of the main drivers of climate change. Lignin derived from biomass is a carbon-neutral raw feedstock, and its conversion into fuels is gaining much attention. The gasification of biomass aims to transform heterogeneous feedstocks into syngas and heat that could be used for various purposes. Lignin is a biomass feedstock of special interest due to its particular properties and its ability to be obtained in abundant quantities as a side product from the paper

Lignin, a component of lignocellulosic biomass, is abundant and is produced extensively as a waste product of the Kraft pulping process, lignin obtained from this process is called Kraft lignin (KL). Lignin’s three-dimensional structure composed of aromatic alcohols (monolignols) makes it a potential source of renewable aromatic chemicals or bio-oil, if depolymerized. Among all the depolymerization methods for KL, solvolysis is the most popular, showing consistently high bio-oil yields. Despite

Abstract Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 [PZT] capacitors were prepared by CSD on sputtered electrodes of SrRuO3(SRO)/Pt on SiO2/Si wafers. The SRO/Pt bottom electrodes were deposited using two different conditions: (1) at 600°C in-situ (abbreviated HT), and (2) at low temperature followed by a post-deposition anneal at 600°C (abbreviated LTA). The PZT orientation and switching pulse polarization, i.e. HT-SRO (43 μC cm-2) and LTA-SRO (32 μC cm-2) were strongly dependent on the bottom electrodes. Yet neither capaci

The relationship between Sr interdiffusion from a Pt/SrRuO 3 [SRO] top electrode into (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O 3 [PLZT] ferroelectric thin films with different excess Pb contents (2–10%) and leakage properties was studied. Secondary ion mass spectrometry and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed significant Sr diffusion into the PLZT film after annealing, which increased with increasing excess Pb content. The diffused Sr existed in the PLZT crystalline grain boundaries, but not in the grains. T