[论文解读] 2.5-11 micron spectroscopy and imaging of AGNs: implication for unification schemes
本研究利用ISO 2.5–11 μm光谱与57个AGN的成像,检验统一模型,发现II型AGN表现出强烈的PAH发射线,等效宽度高达7.2 μm,且7 μm连续谱被抑制,表明存在深度消光(A_V ≈ 92 ± 37 mag),而I型AGN则表现出强烈的幂律连续谱和微弱的PAH特征。结果证实,II型AGN是高倾角观测的被遮挡I型对象,PAH发射作为红化指示器,且尘埃环内壁与反射面空间上共位。
We present 2.5-11 micron spectrophotometric & imaging ISO observations of 28 Sf1, 29 Sf2 & 1 normal galaxy. The Sf1 & Sf2 MIR spectra are statistically different: Sf1 have a strong power-law continuum of index -0.84+/-0.24 & weak PAH emission bands. Sf2s have a weak continuum & very strong PAH emission features with EW (equivalent widths) up to 7.2 micron. On the other hand, the Sf1 and Sf2 PAH luminosities do not differ statistically and the 7 micron continuum is ~8 times less luminous in Sf2s than in Sf1s. The PAH emission is unrelated to the nuclear activity & arises in the bulge ISM. PAH EW are thus a sensitive nuclear redenning indicator. These results are consistent with unified schemes & imply that the Sf2 MIR nuclear continuum is, on the average, extinguished by 92+/-37 visual magnitudes whereas it is directly visible in Sf1s. The dispersion in Sf2's PAH EW is consistent with the expected spread in viewing angles. Those Sf2s with PAH EW > 5 micron suffer from > 125 magnitudes of extinction and are invariably weak X-ray sources. Such Sf2s represent the highly inclined objects where our line of sight intercepts the full extent of the torus. About 1/3rd of the Sf2s have PAH EW <= 2 micron, in the range of Sf1s. Among them, those which have been observed in spectropolarimetry or IR spectroscopy invariably display "hidden" broad lines. As proposed by Heisler et al (1997), such Sf2s are most likely seen at grazing incidence such that one has a direct view of both the "reflecting screen" and the torus inner wall emitting the MIR continuum. Our observations thus constrain the screen & the torus inner wall to be spatially co-located. Finally, the 9.7 micron Silicate feature appears weakly in emission in Sf1s, implying that the torus vertical thickness cannot significantly exceed E+24 cm-2
研究动机与目标
- 通过比较I型与II型赛弗特星系的中红外(MIR)特性,检验AGN统一模型。
- 确定Sf1与Sf2 AGN之间MIR光谱的观测差异是否与尘埃环的方位遮挡一致。
- 评估多环芳烃(PAH)发射在被遮挡AGN中作为核区红化指示器的作用。
- 利用谱偏振与红外光谱,研究Sf2 AGN中尘埃环内壁与反射面的空间关系。
提出的方法
- 利用红外空间天文台(ISO)上的ISOPHOT-S光谱仪与ISOCAM相机进行低分辨率光谱测光与成像。
- 样本包含57个AGN(28个I型,29个II型)及一个非活动SB星系,红移范围为0.016至0.083。
- 测量3.3、6.2、7.7与8.6 μm处的PAH等效宽度,以评估消光与与恒星形成相关的发射。
- 比较Sf1与Sf2 AGN在7 μm连续谱的光度,量化核连续谱的遮挡程度。
- 利用谱偏振与红外光谱探测Sf2 AGN中‘隐藏’的宽线区,其PAH等效宽度较低。
- 通过PAH等效宽度与消光的关系估算消光,即等效宽度越高则消光越低,A_V由N_H估计得出。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1I型与II型AGN是否表现出统计上不同的中红外光谱能量分布,与统一模型一致?
- RQ2AGN中的PAH发射是否主要由星系核球中的恒星形成驱动,且能否作为核连续谱红化的指示器?
- RQ3为何部分II型AGN表现出强烈的PAH发射且等效宽度高(高达7.2 μm),而另一些则与I型AGN类似,PAH特征微弱?
- RQ4PAH等效宽度≥5 μm的Sf2 AGN是否在所有波段(包括X射线)均被完全遮挡,且是否表现出康普顿厚吸收的迹象?
- RQ5具有‘隐藏’宽线的Sf2 AGN中,反射面(负责散射光)是否与尘埃环内壁在空间上共位?
主要发现
- Sf2 AGN的平均7 μm连续谱光度比Sf1 AGN低约8倍,表明核源存在显著遮挡。
- Sf1 AGN表现出幂律连续谱,平均光谱指数α = -0.84 ± 0.24;而Sf2 AGN则连续谱微弱但PAH发射带强烈,等效宽度最高达7.2 μm。
- Sf1 AGN在7.7 μm处的平均PAH等效宽度为0.53 ± 0.47 μm,Sf2 AGN为2.86 ± 1.95 μm,两者分布存在统计显著差异。
- PAH等效宽度>5 μm的Sf2 AGN与正常星系无法区分,表明中红外核连续谱完全被遮挡(A_V > 125 mag),且无一例外均为弱X射线源。
- 在PAH等效宽度≤2 μm的Sf2 AGN中,所有四例经谱偏振测量均显示‘隐藏’宽线,证实其为低倾角观测,此时尘埃环与反射面直接可见。
- Sf1 AGN中硅酸盐9.7 μm特征呈弱发射(EW = 0.25 ± 0.01 μm),表明尘埃环垂直光学厚度与N_H ≈ 10^23–10^24 cm⁻²一致,排除了极端厚尘埃环的可能性。
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