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[论文解读] A bright triple transient that vanished within 50 minutes

E. Solano, Geoffrey W. Marcy|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 13, 2023
History and Developments in AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy被引用 3
一句话总结

1952年,帕洛马天文台巡天底片中观测到一次罕见的三重暂现事件——三个约15等的点状源在50分钟内消失。使用10.4米大加那利望远镜(GTC)进行后续观测,未探测到任何对应体,极限星等达r ≈ 25.5等,表明其亮度在一小时内下降超过10个星等,可能由具有复杂结构的前景质量引起的微引力透镜效应,导致一次短暂光学爆发产生三个像。

ABSTRACT

We report on three optically bright, ~15th mag, point-sources within 10 arcsec of each other that vanished within 1 hour, based on two consecutive exposures at Palomar Observatory on 1952 July 19 (POSS I Red and Blue). The three point-sources have continued to be absent in telescope exposures during 71 years with detection thresholds of ~21st mag. We obtained two deep exposures with the 10.4-m Gran Telescopio Canarias on 25 and 27 April 2023 in r and g-band, both reaching magnitude 25.5 (3-sigma). The three point-sources are still absent, implying they have dimmed by more than 10 magnitudes within an hour. When bright in 1952, the most isolated transient source has a profile nearly the same as comparison stars, implying the sources are sub-arcsec in angular size and they exhibit no elongation due to movement. This triple transient has observed properties similar to other cases where groups of transients ("multiple transients") have appeared and vanished in a small region within a plate exposure. The explanation for these three transients and the previously reported cases remains unclear. Models involving background objects that are optically luminous for less than one hour coupled with foreground gravitational lensing seem plausible. If so, a significant population of massive objects with structure serving as the lenses, to produce three images, are required to explain the hundreds of sub-hour transients.

研究动机与目标

  • 调查1952年在50分钟内出现并消失的罕见、明亮、三重暂现事件的本质。
  • 确定这些暂现源是否与已知天体物理现象一致,或需要新颖的物理解释。
  • 检验假设:这些暂现源是由具有复杂结构的前景质量对一次短暂光学爆发产生的微引力透镜效应所致。
  • 通过深度后续成像排除仪器伪影、卫星闪光或观测误差的可能性。
  • 评估此类亚小时暂现源在历史天空巡天中的统计显著性。

提出的方法

  • 分析帕洛马天文台拍摄的数字 POSS I 红、蓝底片,两片拍摄时间相隔不足一小时,识别在第二张底片中缺失的暂现源。
  • 将暂现候选源与现代巡天(Pan-STARRS、ZTF、SDSS、Gaia EDR3)交叉比对,确认其在后续历元中未被探测到。
  • 使用10.4米大加那利望远镜(GTC)在r和g波段进行深度成像,达到3σ极限星等25.5等。
  • 利用SExtractor处理图像,检测点源,并与参考恒星比较以评估源形态和角大小。
  • 建模涉及具有足够结构复杂度以产生单个背景源三个独立像的引力透镜情景。
  • 与先前关于多重暂现源的报告(如Villarroel等,2021;Solano等,2022)进行统计比较,评估其一致性与稀有性。
Figure 1: Supercosmos digitization (Hambly et al., 2001 ) of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) red-sensitive image, taken on 1952 July 19. This is a zoom, 3x3 arcmin, centered on three bright ( $R$ Supercosmos $\sim$ 15 mag) point-sources, marked by the blue arrow, at coordinates RA = 21 h 1
Figure 1: Supercosmos digitization (Hambly et al., 2001 ) of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS) red-sensitive image, taken on 1952 July 19. This is a zoom, 3x3 arcmin, centered on three bright ( $R$ Supercosmos $\sim$ 15 mag) point-sources, marked by the blue arrow, at coordinates RA = 21 h 1

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1为何1952年7月19日,在同一片天空中,三个独立的明亮点状源在50分钟内出现并消失?
  • RQ2观测到的暂现源是否可由具有复杂结构的前景质量对一次短暂光学爆发的微引力透镜效应解释?
  • RQ3为何这些暂现源在任何现代巡天中均未重现,即使在深度成像达到25.5等时?
  • RQ4是否存在一种物理机制,能够在一小时内实现超过10,000倍的光度下降,如观测所暗示?
  • RQ5这些事件是否代表一种此前未被探测到的亚小时暂现源群体,与快速射电暴或其他高能现象相关?

主要发现

  • 1952年7月19日,一张 POSS I 底片中出现三个约15等的点状源,50分钟内消失,且在任何后续巡天中均未被探测到。
  • GTC在r和g波段的深度成像未发现任何对应体,极限星等达25.5等,证实其亮度在一小时内下降超过10个星等。
  • 暂现源未表现出拉长或运动迹象,表明其角大小为亚角秒量级,且无显著自行运动。
  • 三重暂现事件与一个背景源被具有足够结构复杂度的前景质量引力透镜化为三个像的模型一致。
  • 该事件是极少数已知的多重暂现事件之一(本例中为三个),在单张底片中出现并消失,且在71年后续观测中均无已知对应体。
  • 观测特性与已知暂现类(如耀发M型矮星、小行星或卫星闪光)不一致,后者不会产生如此对称、多像的消失现象。
Figure 2: Four exposures taken during 1952 of the 3x3 arcmin region of sky centered on the triple transient seen in July 1952. Upper Left: the POSS I Red image on 1952 July 19 at 8:52 (UT) containing the triple transient just above center. Upper Right: a 10 m exposure POSS I Blue image taken immedia
Figure 2: Four exposures taken during 1952 of the 3x3 arcmin region of sky centered on the triple transient seen in July 1952. Upper Left: the POSS I Red image on 1952 July 19 at 8:52 (UT) containing the triple transient just above center. Upper Right: a 10 m exposure POSS I Blue image taken immedia

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