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[论文解读] A Class I and Class II Methanol Maser Survey of Extended Green Objects (EGOs) from the GLIMPSE Survey

C. J. Cyganowski, C. L. Brogan|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jul 6, 2009
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies参考文献 6被引用 148
一句话总结

本研究对来自GLIMPSE巡天的20个扩展绿色源(EGOs)开展了高分辨率甚大阵列(VLA)观测,探测了44 GHz(I类)和6.7 GHz(II类)甲醇脉泽,发现II类脉泽的检测率为64%,在具有II类脉泽发射的源中,I类脉泽的检测率高达89%。结果证实EGOs为具有活跃喷流的年轻大质量原恒星,其喷流由持续吸积驱动。

ABSTRACT

We present the results of a high angular resolution Very Large Array (VLA) Class I 44 GHz and Class II 6.7 GHz methanol maser survey of a sample of ~20 massive young stellar object (MYSO) outflow candidates selected on the basis of extended 4.5 micron emission in Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) images. These 4.5 micron-selected candidates are referred to as extended green objects (EGOs), for the common coding of this band as green in three-color IRAC images. The detection rate of 6.7 GHz Class II methanol masers, which are associated exclusively with massive YSOs, towards EGOs is greater than ~64%--nearly double the detection rate of surveys using other MYSO selection criteria. The detection rate of Class I 44 GHz methanol masers, which trace molecular outflows, is ~89% towards EGOs associated with 6.7 GHz methanol masers. The two types of methanol masers exhibit different spatial distributions: 6.7 GHz masers are centrally concentrated and usually coincide with 24 micron emission, while 44 GHz masers are widely distributed and generally trace diffuse 4.5 micron features. We also present results of a complementary James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) single-pointing molecular line survey of EGOs in the outflow tracers HCO+(3-2) and SiO(5-4). The HCO+ line profiles and high SiO detection rate (90%) are indicative of the presence of active outflows. No 44 GHz continuum emission is detected at the 5 mJy/beam (5 sigma) level towards 95% of EGOs surveyed, excluding bright ultracompact HII regions as powering sources for the 4.5 micron outflows. The results of our surveys constitute strong evidence that EGOs are young, massive YSOs, with active outflows, presumably powered by ongoing accretion.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过红外选源的EGOs识别并表征具有活跃吸积和喷流的大质量年轻恒星(MYSOs)。
  • 检验EGOs——即在斯皮策GLIMPSE图像中以4.5 μm扩展发射特征识别的源——是否具有指示恒星形成持续进行的脉泽。
  • 确定EGOs中脉泽、喷流与红外发射之间的空间和运动学关系。
  • 通过搜索44 GHz连续辐射,排除超紧凑H ii区作为4.5 μm发射的来源。
  • 通过补充的JCMT HCO+ (3-2)和SiO (5-4)谱线观测,确认分子喷流的存在。

提出的方法

  • 对约20个EGO源开展了6.7 GHz(II类CH3OH脉泽)和44 GHz(I类CH3OH脉泽)的高角分辨率甚大阵列(VLA)观测。
  • 利用斯皮策GLIMPSE 4.5 μm图像,将EGOs识别为形态上与点源不同的扩展绿色源。
  • 开展补充的单点指向JCMT观测,测量HCO+ (3-2)和SiO (5-4)谱线,以追踪分子喷流。
  • 实施44 GHz连续辐射观测,以搜索超紧凑H ii区作为4.5 μm发射的替代能量来源。
  • 分析脉泽位置与24 μm、4.5 μm及分子线发射之间的空间相关性,以推断喷流结构和激发机制。
  • 应用统计分析方法分析脉泽检测率和谱线轮廓诊断,以推断喷流活动性和源演化状态。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1EGOs中6.7 GHz II类CH3OH脉泽的检测率是多少?与其它MYSO选源方法相比如何?
  • RQ2I类(44 GHz)和II类(6.7 GHz)CH3OH脉泽在EGOs中相对于4.5 μm和24 μm发射的空间分布如何?
  • RQ3如某些模型所建议,超紧凑H ii区是否为EGOs中4.5 μm扩展发射的来源?
  • RQ4HCO+和SiO谱线轮廓是否证实了EGOs中存在活跃的分子喷流?
  • RQ5脉泽发射与EGOs中喷流气体的物理条件之间存在何种关系?

主要发现

  • EGOs中6.7 GHz II类CH3OH脉泽的检测率≥64%,接近其他MYSO巡天中典型检测率的两倍。
  • 在具有6.7 GHz脉泽的EGOs中,44 GHz I类CH3OH脉泽的检测率约为89%,表明其与喷流活动存在强烈关联。
  • 6.7 GHz脉泽在中心区域集中,且与24 μm发射空间重合,与中心原恒星的辐射一致。
  • 44 GHz脉泽广泛分布,追踪了弥漫的4.5 μm特征,表明其描绘了扩展的喷流叶瓣。
  • 在90%的EGOs中检测到SiO(5-4)线,其复杂的轮廓表明存在活跃的高速喷流。
  • 在95%的EGOs中未检测到44 GHz连续辐射(5 mJy beam⁻¹,5σ水平),排除了超紧凑H ii区作为4.5 μm发射来源的可能性。

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