[论文解读] A hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian flow solver
本文提出了一种混合Eulerian-Lagrangian流场求解器,结合了近固体边界处的Eulerian有限元法与尾迹区域的Lagrangian涡粒子法,能够精确解析粘性边界层和低扩散性尾迹动力学。该方法在基准流动(偶极子流、圆柱体、失速翼型)中实现了高精度,与参考解高度一致,展现出在风力发电场等复杂流动大规模、高效模拟方面的潜力。
Currently, Eulerian flow solvers are very efficient in accurately resolving flow structures near solid boundaries. On the other hand, they tend to be diffusive and to dampen high-intensity vortical structures after a short distance away from solid boundaries. The use of high order methods and fine grids, although alleviating this problem, gives rise to large systems of equations that are expensive to solve. Lagrangian solvers, as the regularized vortex particle method, have shown to eliminate (in practice) the diffusion in the wake. As a drawback, the modelling of solid boundaries is less accurate, more complex and costly than with Eulerian solvers (due to the isotropy of its computational elements). Given the drawbacks and advantages of both Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers the combination of both methods, giving rise to a hybrid solver, is advantageous. The main idea behind the hybrid solver presented is the following. In a region close to solid boundaries the flow is solved with an Eulerian solver, where the full Navier-Stokes equations are solved (possibly with an arbitrary turbulence model or DNS, the limitations being the computational power and the physical properties of the flow), outside of that region the flow is solved with a vortex particle method. In this work we present this hybrid scheme and verify it numerically on known 2D benchmark cases: dipole flow, flow around a cylinder and flow around a stalled airfoil. The success in modelling these flow conditions presents this hybrid approach as a promising alternative, bridging the gap between highly resolved and computationally intensive Eulerian CFD simulations and fast but less resolved Lagrangian simulations.
研究动机与目标
- 为解决纯Eulerian求解器在尾迹区域因数值扩散导致的局限性,以及纯Lagrangian求解器在复杂几何边界上难以精确施加边界条件的问题。
- 开发一种混合求解器,利用Eulerian方法在固体边界附近的高精度,以及Lagrangian涡粒子法在尾迹区域的低扩散特性。
- 通过为每个物体独立划分Eulerian子域并使用无网格Lagrangian求解器处理尾迹,实现对包含多个运动物体的复杂流动(如风力发电场)的高效、可扩展模拟。
- 在典型二维测试案例上验证混合方法的有效性,并展示其在更高雷诺数流动中的能力。
- 为未来向三维、运动/可变形体以及具有子域间湍流耦合的湍流流动扩展奠定基础。
提出的方法
- 计算域被划分为两个子域:靠近固体边界的Eulerian区域,其中使用有限元法求解Navier-Stokes方程;其余区域为Lagrangian区域,通过正则化涡粒子法追踪涡量。
- 通过在Eulerian与Lagrangian子域之间插值实现界面耦合,设置重叠区域以确保守恒性与一致性。
- 该方法精确保持总涡量,避免了传统基于迭代Schwarz方法耦合方案中常见的涡量误差。
- 在Lagrangian子域中使用快速多极方法(FMM)加速速度场计算,从而实现大规模粒子数下的可扩展性。
- 各子域独立进行时间推进,Eulerian时间步长小于Lagrangian时间步长,以确保稳定性和精度。
- 壁面边界条件通过Eulerian求解器使用标准技术(包括壁面函数)实现,而Lagrangian求解器自然满足流出和远场条件。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1与纯Eulerian方法相比,混合Eulerian-Lagrangian方法是否能更准确地模拟近固体边界和尾迹区域的流动结构,并显著降低数值扩散?
- RQ2该混合求解器在涡量分布和气动载荷方面,对基准流动(如偶极子流、圆柱体流、失速翼型流)的再现能力如何?
- RQ3在高雷诺数流动中,特别是在涡旋脱落和重新进入Eulerian域期间,该混合方法在精度和稳定性方面能保持到何种程度?
- RQ4该混合格式是否能有效应用于复杂多体流动(如风力发电场),实现对每个物体Eulerian子域的独立处理?
- RQ5与整体式Eulerian求解器相比,该混合方法在可扩展性和并行化方面具有哪些计算优势?
主要发现
- 该混合求解器在偶极子流、圆柱体绕流及失速翼型流中,能精确再现涡量场与气动载荷(升力与阻力),在t = 2s前与参考有限元解高度一致。
- 对于雷诺数为5000的失速椭球体,该混合求解器在t = 2s前与有限元解保持紧密匹配,尽管涡旋脱落开始后出现发散,但涡量结构与力系数仍保持在相同范围内。
- 该方法成功捕捉了涡旋脱落与重新进入Eulerian域的复杂动力学过程,展现出在复杂流动区域的鲁棒性。
- 采用非迭代、涡量守恒的耦合方案,相较于以往混合方法,消除了涡量误差,提升了稳定性。
- 通过为每个物体独立划分Eulerian子域,该混合格式实现了高效、可扩展的模拟,显著简化了运动或可变形物体的处理。
- 结果表明,该混合方法在风力发电场等对尾迹动力学与边界层解析至关重要的复杂外流场大规模模拟中,是一种极具前景的替代方案。
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