[论文解读] A hyperelastic theory for nonlinear hydrogel diffusiophoresis
该论文提出了用于大变形的非线性孔弹性(超弹性)水凝胶扩散表观驱动理论,涵盖两种模型,展示外部或内部生成的溶质梯度如何驱动快速、巨大形变。模型 II 指出通过调控刺激浓度、溶质尺寸和流动,应变速率可以被提升。
Hydrogel diffusiophoresis is the deformation of a hydrogel due to a solute gradient that leads to a gradient of pairwise interactions between the solute particles and the hydrogel polymers to trigger osmotic flux. Unlike typical osmosis, it occurs without any interface selectivity of the gel to the solute and can overcome the diffusive swelling without any structural modifications to the gel. We have recently shown this effect for linear deformations of a chemically responsive polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogel that releases ions upon arrival of a stimulus (acid), thus internally generating the solute gradient required for diffusiophoresis [Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 208201 (2024)]. Here we develop a nonlinear poroelastic theory for large diffusiophoretic gel strains in two models: Model I considers deformations of a generic gel when an external solute gradient is imposed. In Model II, the gel generates the solute gradient internally, motivated by the coupled PAA gel, solute (copper), and stimulus (acid) system. In Model II, we investigate the nonlinear deformations for high stimulus concentrations or by changing the solute particle size to boost steric polymer-solute interactions, as well as under a stimulus flow through the gel driven by a pressure drop across the domain. Model I indicates that deformations can be stored while the stimulus gradient persists. Compared to the experimental strain rates in Katke [Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 208201 (2024)], Model II demonstrates that varying the stimulus concentration can increase the strain rate up to four times, changing the solute particle size up to $\sim 25$ times, and imposed flow up to $\sim 40$ times. Our theory couples nonlinear poroelasticity, polymer-solute interactions, and reaction-transport dynamics to predict large and fast diffusiophoretic gel deformations, which may find applications in hydrogel-based soft robotics and drug delivery.
研究动机与目标
- 将 gel diffusiophoresis 理论从线性推广到非线性(大变形)。
- 将非线性孔弹性与聚合物–溶质相互作用和反应-传输动力学耦合。
- 开发两种模型:外部溶质梯度(Model I)和内部生成梯度(Model II)的 PAA Gel 系统。
- 探讨刺激浓度、溶质尺寸和流动如何影响形变速率。
- 提供可应用于水凝胶驱动与智能药物输送系统的框架。
提出的方法
- 使用带有 Flory 型自由能的非线性孔弹性(超弹性)框架来描述聚合物网络。
- 在材料框架内定义名义应力(第一 Piola–Kirchhoff 张量)和 Cauchy 应力,包含孔弹性、熵和扩散表观驱动力贡献。
- 引入与聚合物–溶质相互作用相关的扩散表观驱动应力张量,以及用于单轴情况的标量扩散表观系数。
- 通过 Darcy 定律在材料框架内耦合形变与溶剂流动,并在材料框架内进行质量守恒。
- 提出两种模型:Model I 为外部施加的溶质梯度,Model II 为内部生成的梯度(铜/酸体系)。
- 推导无量纲形式及边界条件以求解位移、溶质分数及界面压力。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1非线性(大应变)孔弹性效应如何在外部溶质梯度下修改水凝胶扩散表观驱动?
- RQ2Model II 中由化学刺激产生的内部溶质梯度如何驱动非线性水凝胶形变?
- RQ3刺激浓度、溶质尺寸和施加的流动如何影响扩散驱动的形变速率?
- RQ4聚合物–溶质相互作用和扩散在控制水凝胶高度时间演化及内部应力中的作用是什么?
主要发现
- Model I 显示在外部刺激梯度持续时,形变可以被存储。
- Model II 显示提高刺激浓度可使应变速率提高至四倍左右。
- 增大溶质粒子尺寸可使扩散表观效应提升至约 25 倍。
- 施加的流动可将形变速率放大至约 40 倍。
- 该理论将非线性孔弹性、聚合物–溶质相互作用与反应-传输动力学整合,以预测大且快速的扩散表观驱动水凝胶形变。
- 预测可为水凝胶基础的软体机器人和药物输送应用提供信息。
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