Skip to main content
QUICK REVIEW

[论文解读] A Machine Learning Approach for Player and Position Adjusted Expected Goals in Football (Soccer)

James H. Hewitt, Oktay Karakuş|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jan 19, 2023
Sports Analytics and Performance参考文献 7被引用 4
一句话总结

本文提出了一种基于机器学习的预期进球(xG)模型,利用StatsBomb事件数据引入球员和位置调整,通过整合守门员位置、防守球员距离和射门技术等特征,提升了模型准确性。研究显示,利昂内尔·梅西的xG效率比模型预测高出347球,显著超越顶级前锋,验证了该方法在捕捉顶级球员质量方面超越传统xG指标的能力。

ABSTRACT

Football is a very result-driven industry, with goals being rarer than in most sports, so having further parameters to judge the performance of teams and individuals is key. Expected Goals (xG) allow further insight than just a scoreline. To tackle the need for further analysis in football, this paper uses machine learning applications that are developed and applied to Football Event data. From the concept, a Binary Classification problem is created whereby a probabilistic valuation is outputted using Logistic Regression and Gradient Boosting based approaches. The model successfully predicts xGs probability values for football players based on 15,575 shots. The proposed solution utilises StatsBomb as the data provider and an industry benchmark to tune the models in the right direction. The proposed ML solution for xG is further used to tackle the age-old cliche of: 'the ball has fallen to the wrong guy there'. The development of the model is used to adjust and gain more realistic values of expected goals than the general models show. To achieve this, this paper tackles Positional Adjusted xG, splitting the training data into Forward, Midfield, and Defence with the aim of providing insight into player qualities based on their positional sub-group. Positional Adjusted xG successfully predicts and proves that more attacking players are better at accumulating xG. The highest value belonged to Forwards followed by Midfielders and Defenders. Finally, this study has further developments into Player Adjusted xG with the aim of proving that Messi is statistically at a higher efficiency level than the average footballer. This is achieved by using Messi subset samples to quantify his qualities in comparison to the average xG models finding that Messi xG performs 347 xG higher than the general model outcome.

研究动机与目标

  • 通过引入球员特定和位置特定的表现调整,开发更准确的预期进球(xG)模型。
  • 解决现有xG模型忽略防守球员位置、守门员位置和射门技术等因素的局限性。
  • 利用数据驱动的、球员调整的xG框架,量化并验证像利昂内尔·梅西这样的精英球员的卓越射门效率。
  • 使用公开的StatsBomb数据,提供可复现、透明的xG模型,提升学术界与产业界对先进足球分析的可及性。
  • 探讨前锋、中场和后卫等位置子群体在xG转化效率上是否存在显著差异,以及个别球员是否超越这些基准。

提出的方法

  • 本研究将xG预测建模为二分类问题,采用逻辑回归和梯度提升(XGBoost)算法,基于15,575次射门预测进球概率。
  • 关键特征包括射门位置(距离与角度)、防守球员施压半径、守门员位置以及射门技术(如凌空射门、倒钩射门等)。
  • 模型使用StatsBomb事件数据进行训练与验证,性能与StatsBomb、FBRef和infogol.com等行业标准进行对比。
  • 通过将训练数据划分为前锋、中场和后卫三类子组,实现位置调整的xG,以评估不同位置在射门效率上的差异。
  • 对利昂内尔·梅西的射门应用球员调整的xG,将其实际xG表现与通用模型输出进行对比,量化其精英效率。
  • 通过比赛级别的xG时间线和射门地图评估模型性能,并与真实比赛结果(如2018年欧冠决赛)进行交叉验证。
Figure 1: A freeze frame example: shot location (distance and angle)
Figure 1: A freeze frame example: shot location (distance and angle)

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1与标准模型相比,引入守门员位置和防守球员施压是否能显著提升xG预测准确性?
  • RQ2在位置调整后,前锋、中场和后卫在预期进球转化效率上是否存在显著差异?
  • RQ3利昂内尔·梅西的射门表现超出通用xG模型预测的程度如何,是否表明其个体能力卓越?
  • RQ4是否能够通过增强特征的机器学习xG模型在真实比赛场景中超越商业xG指标?
  • RQ5不同射门技术(如凌空射门、倒钩射门)如何影响xG值?现有模型是否高估了这些高难度射门的可能性?

主要发现

  • 无论在通用模型还是位置调整模型中,前锋均展现出最高的xG转化效率,其次为中场,最后为后卫。
  • 所提出的xG模型在2018年欧冠决赛中总xG为3.4,与StatsBomb(2.7)、FBRef(3.4)和infogol(3.59)结果高度一致。
  • 利昂内尔·梅西的实际xG表现比通用模型预测高出347球,表明其相对于普通球员具有统计上显著的效率优势。
  • 模型预测加雷斯·贝尔的倒钩射门xG为0.131,高于StatsBomb的0.023,表明商业模型可能高估了此类高超技术射门的可能性。
  • 射门技术和防守球员施压是xG的重要预测因子,其中凌空射门和倒钩射门在商业模型与本模型之间存在显著差异。
  • 引入守门员位置以及射门者与球门之间的防守干扰显著提升了模型准确性,弥补了既有文献中的一项关键空白。
Figure 2: (a) Baseline model results with existing 26 features. (b) Baseline model performance after adding extra features. (c) Proposed xG model performance.
Figure 2: (a) Baseline model results with existing 26 features. (b) Baseline model performance after adding extra features. (c) Proposed xG model performance.

更好的研究,从现在开始

从阅读论文到最终审阅,大幅缩短您的研究时间。

无需绑定信用卡

本解读由 AI 生成,并经人工编辑审核。