[论文解读] A Physics-Constrained Deep Learning Model for Simulating Multiphase Flow in 3D Heterogeneous Porous Media
该论文提出了一种物理约束的深度学习模型,通过利用基于连续性的平滑处理和时间惩罚机制的卷积神经网络,加速了在非均质多孔介质中的三维多相流模拟。该模型在基于物理模拟的数据上进行训练,实现了约1400倍的速度提升,且压力和饱和度预测的平均误差低于0.3%,使其能够高效应用于反演问题和耦合过程。
In this work, an efficient physics-constrained deep learning model is developed for solving multiphase flow in 3D heterogeneous porous media. The model fully leverages the spatial topology predictive capability of convolutional neural networks, and is coupled with an efficient continuity-based smoother to predict flow responses that need spatial continuity. Furthermore, the transient regions are penalized to steer the training process such that the model can accurately capture flow in these regions. The model takes inputs including properties of porous media, fluid properties and well controls, and predicts the temporal-spatial evolution of the state variables (pressure and saturation). While maintaining the continuity of fluid flow, the 3D spatial domain is decomposed into 2D images for reducing training cost, and the decomposition results in an increased number of training data samples and better training efficiency. Additionally, a surrogate model is separately constructed as a postprocessor to calculate well flow rate based on the predictions of state variables from the deep learning model. We use the example of CO2 injection into saline aquifers, and apply the physics-constrained deep learning model that is trained from physics-based simulation data and emulates the physics process. The model performs prediction with a speedup of ~1400 times compared to physics-based simulations, and the average temporal errors of predicted pressure and saturation plumes are 0.27% and 0.099% respectively. Furthermore, water production rate is efficiently predicted by a surrogate model for well flow rate, with a mean error less than 5%. Therefore, with its unique scheme to cope with the fidelity in fluid flow in porous media, the physics-constrained deep learning model can become an efficient predictive model for computationally demanding inverse problems or other coupled processes.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种快速、准确的三维多相流在非均质多孔介质中的代理模型,尤其适用于计算成本高昂的应用。
- 解决在基于深度学习的流体模拟中保持空间连续性和瞬态流动保真度的挑战。
- 通过将三维域分解为二维图像切片以供CNN处理,降低训练成本并提高效率。
- 通过后处理的独立代理模型实现实时井流速预测,以处理深度学习模型的输出。
- 通过嵌入守恒定律并在训练过程中对瞬态区域误差进行惩罚,确保物理一致性。
提出的方法
- 采用3D到2D的分解策略,将三维空间域转换为二维横截面图像,以降低计算成本并增加训练数据的多样性。
- 使用卷积神经网络(CNN)学习空间拓扑结构,并预测压力和饱和度场的时空演化。
- 集成一种提高效率的基于连续性的平滑器,以在预测的流动响应中强制实现空间连续性。
- 在训练过程中对瞬态区域施加惩罚,以提高在动态流动区域(尤其是早期和中期时间步)的预测准确性。
- 训练一个独立的代理模型,用于从预测的状态变量中预测井流速,将误差降低至5%以下。
- 模型在二氧化碳注入咸水含水层的高保真度物理模拟数据上进行训练,确保物理一致性。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1物理约束的深度学习模型是否能在显著降低计算成本的同时,实现对非均质多孔介质中三维多相流的高精度预测?
- RQ2基于二维图像的CNN架构在多孔介质中多维流动场的空间连续性和动态特性保持方面效果如何?
- RQ3在训练过程中对瞬态区域进行惩罚,在演化流动系统中对预测精度的提升程度如何?
- RQ4当将主深度学习模型的预测结果输入后处理代理模型时,能否以极低误差准确预测井流速?
- RQ5在复杂流动场景下,该物理约束的深度学习框架与完整物理模拟相比,在速度和精度方面表现如何?
主要发现
- 该物理约束的深度学习模型相比传统物理模拟实现了约1400倍的速度提升。
- 预测压力羽流的平均时间误差为0.27%,饱和度羽流的平均误差为0.099%,表明具有很高的预测保真度。
- 井流速预测的代理模型在所有测试案例中均实现了低于5%的平均误差。
- 二维分解策略显著降低了训练成本,同时增加了训练样本数量并提升了训练效率。
- 引入基于连续性的平滑处理和对瞬态区域的惩罚显著提高了模型精度,尤其在动态流动区域表现更优。
- 通过嵌入守恒原理并在训练中惩罚流动连续性偏差,模型保持了强大的物理一致性。
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