[论文解读] A Review on Hydrogen Production Technologies and Its Future Demand

Mohammad Abubakr, Shadma Shahid+1 more|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 10, 2024

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems被引用 4

一句话总结

本综述评估了当前及新兴的制氢技术——蒸汽甲烷重整、电解以及生物质气化——重点分析其效率、应用及环境影响。研究指出，电解法及可再生能源驱动的制氢方法对能源系统脱碳至关重要，2022年全球制氢产值达1553.5亿美元，工业、交通和电力领域需求持续增长。

ABSTRACT

Hydrogen production is a vital process in the quest for decarbonization and a sustainable future. This conversation explores the various technologies used in hydrogen production, such as steam methane reforming, electrolysis, and biomass gasification. These methods have different applications and efficiencies, but all contribute to the production of hydrogen gas. The future of hydrogen production looks promising, as it offers a clean and versatile energy source that can be used in various sectors, including transportation, industry, and power generation. The increasing demand for hydrogen in these sectors, coupled with the global push for decarbonization, highlights the importance of advancing hydrogen production technologies and infrastructure. This paper focuses broadly on different methods of hydrogen production like steam methane reforming, electrolysis, and biomass gasification. Steam methane reforming is currently the most common method, accounting for about 95% of global hydrogen production. Electrolysis is another method that uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Biomass gasification involves converting organic materials into hydrogen gas through a thermochemical process. The renewable energy sources considered are water and biomass and the methods considered are Electrolysis (grid), thermolysis, thermochemical water splitting, photoelectrochemical water splitting, and gasification. Electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen accounts for about 5% of the total hydrogen production. Statistically, global hydrogen production reached about USD 155.35 billion in 2022, with the majority of it being used in the petroleum refining and ammonia production industries. As for applications, hydrogen can be used as a fuel for fuel cell vehicles, as a feedstock for chemical processes, and as a storage medium for renewable energy.

研究动机与目标

• 评估主要制氢技术的当前状态及未来潜力。
• 评估可再生能源驱动制氢在实现全球脱碳目标中的作用。
• 分析市场规模及工业应用对全球制氢需求的驱动作用。
• 比较不同制氢路径的效率、可扩展性及环境影响。
• 识别低品位碳制氢技术规模化过程中的关键挑战与机遇。

提出的方法

• 系统性回顾制氢技术，包括蒸汽甲烷重整（SMR）、电解及生物质气化。
• 基于热力学原理分析能量输入与输出，尤其针对水的电解及热化学过程。
• 分析2022年全球制氢生产数据，包括市场价值及行业分布。
• 根据原料（天然气、水、生物质）及能源来源（化石燃料、可再生能源）对制氢方法进行分类。
• 利用图表与统计数据比较生产量及技术成熟度水平。
• 整合国际可持续发展化学与应用科学进展大会（ACASSD-2024）的研究成果。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 当前主导的制氢技术有哪些，其占全球制氢总量的比例如何？
• RQ2 电解法及可再生能源驱动的制氢方法在效率与可扩展性方面如何比较？
• RQ3 当前推动全球制氢需求的主要工业应用有哪些？
• RQ4 氢能在脱碳交通、工业及电力生产方面将发挥何种预期作用？
• RQ5 在扩大低碳制氢技术方面，面临的关键技术与基础设施障碍是什么？

主要发现

• 蒸汽甲烷重整占全球制氢总量约95%，是目前主导的制氢方法。
• 电解法占全球总制氢量约5%，随着可再生能源电力的整合，其发展潜力日益显著。
• 2022年全球制氢产值达1553.5亿美元，主要由石油炼化及氨生产驱动。
• 氢正日益被视为燃料电池汽车、工业原料及可再生能源储存的多功能能源载体。
• 生物质气化及其他热化学过程为低碳制氢提供了替代路径，但目前应用仍较有限。
• 通过电解法实现绿色氢的转型对长期脱碳至关重要，尤其在可再生能源产能持续扩大的背景下。