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[论文解读] A Structural Characterization of Market Power in Power Markets.

Weixuan Lin, Eilyan Bitar|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 27, 2017
Electric Power System Optimization被引用 6
一句话总结

本文通过纳什均衡模型分析了在输电约束下的电力市场中的市场势力,其中容量受限的发电商在节点边际电价机制下战略性地设定供给函数。研究推导出配置效率损失和价格加成的上界,并将其与市场结构指标(如市场占有率和剩余供给指数)联系起来,识别出网络扩容反而导致发电成本上升的条件——揭示了市场势力的结构性驱动因素。

ABSTRACT

We consider a market in which capacity-constrained generators compete in scalar-parameterized supply functions to serve an inelastic demand spread throughout a transmission constrained power network. The market clears according to a locational marginal pricing mechanism, in which the independent system operator (ISO) determines the generators' production quantities to minimize the revealed cost of meeting demand, while ensuring that network transmission and generator capacity constraints are met. Under the stylizing assumption that both the ISO and generators choose their strategies simultaneously, we establish the existence of Nash equilibria for the underlying market, and derive an upper bound on the allocative efficiency loss at Nash equilibrium relative to the socially optimal level. We also characterize an upper bound on the markup of locational marginal prices at Nash equilibrium above their perfectly competitive levels. Of particular relevance to ex ante market power monitoring, these bounds reveal the role of certain market structures---specifically, the \emph{market share} and \emph{residual supply index} of a producer---in predicting the degree to which that producer is able to exercise market power to influence the market outcome to its advantage. Finally, restricting our attention to the simpler setting of a two-node power network, we provide a characterization of market structures under which a Braess-like paradox occurs due to the exercise of market power---that is to say, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition on market structure under which the strengthening of the network's transmission line capacity results in the (counterintuitive) increase in the total cost of generation at Nash equilibrium.

研究动机与目标

  • 在存在输电约束和战略发电商的电力市场中,证明纳什均衡的存在性。
  • 量化在纳什均衡下相对于社会最优水平的配置效率损失最大值。
  • 表征节点边际电价相对于竞争水平的加成上限。
  • 阐明市场结构指标(市场占有率和剩余供给指数)在预测市场势力潜力方面的作用。
  • 确定网络容量升级导致总发电成本上升的条件,揭示一种类似Braess悖论的现象。

提出的方法

  • 采用标量参数化供给函数的模型,对具有刚性需求和容量受限的发电商的电力市场进行建模。
  • 应用节点边际定价机制,由系统运营商(ISO)通过在满足网络和容量约束的前提下最小化成本来清查市场。
  • 假设ISO与发电商同时行动,以证明纳什均衡的存在性。
  • 利用博弈论和网络流优化技术,推导出效率损失和价格加成的解析上界。
  • 将分析限制在双节点网络中,以表征出现类似Braess悖论的发电成本的条件。
  • 使用剩余供给指数和市场占有率作为结构性指标,评估市场势力潜力。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在输电约束的电力市场中,纳什均衡下可能发生的最大配置效率损失是多少?
  • RQ2在战略行为下,节点边际电价相对于完全竞争水平的最高加成是多少?
  • RQ3发电商的市场占有率和剩余供给指数在多大程度上可预测其行使市场势力的能力?
  • RQ4在何种结构性条件下,增加输电容量会导致均衡状态下总发电成本上升?
  • RQ5何种市场结构会导致电力网络均衡中出现类似Braess的悖论?

主要发现

  • 推导出纳什均衡下相对于社会最优结果的配置效率损失的上界,量化了战略行为导致的最坏情况效率损失。
  • 确立了节点边际电价相对于完全竞争水平的加成上限,表明可能存在的最大价格操纵程度。
  • 识别出市场占有率和剩余供给指数是预测发电商行使市场势力潜力的关键结构性指标。
  • 在双节点网络中,推导出在纳什均衡下增强输电容量导致总发电成本上升的必要且充分条件。
  • 研究揭示了电力市场中的一种类似Braess的悖论:网络容量改善可能因战略市场势力而使均衡结果恶化。
  • 研究结果为监管机构提供了事前监控工具,可基于市场结构和网络拓扑评估市场势力风险。

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