[论文解读] A Survey on Applications of Game Theory in Blockchain

Ziyao Liu, Nguyen Cong Luong+5 more|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 28, 2019

Blockchain Technology Applications and Security参考文献 117被引用 68

一句话总结

对博弈论如何分析区块链网络的综述，聚焦于安全性、挖矿管理和经济层面的应用，使用各种博弈模型。

ABSTRACT

In the past decades, the blockchain technology has attracted tremendous attention from both academia and industry. The popularity of blockchain networks was originated from a crypto-currency to serve as a decentralized and tamperproof transaction data ledger. Nowadays, blockchain as the key framework in the decentralized public data-ledger, has been applied to a wide range of scenarios far beyond crypto-currencies, such as Internet of Things (IoT), healthcare, and insurance. This survey aims to fill the gap between the large number of studies on blockchain network, where game theory emerges as an analytical tool, and the lack of a comprehensive survey on the game theoretical approaches applied in blockchain related issues. In this paper, we review game models proposed to address common issues in the blockchain network. The issues include security issues, e.g., selfish mining, majority attack and Denial of Service (DoS) attack, issues regard mining management, e.g., computational power allocation, reward allocation, and pool selection, as well as issues regarding blockchain economic and energy trading. Additionally, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of these selected game models and solutions. Finally, we highlight important challenges and future research directions of applying game theoretical approaches to incentive mechanism design, and the combination of blockchain with other technologies.

研究动机与目标

• 澄清博弈论如何分析区块链节点（矿工、矿池、用户）之间的策略互动。
• 回顾在区块链网络中解决安全威胁（如自私挖矿、拒绝服务攻击）的博弈论模型。
• 综述挖矿管理问题（计算能力分配、矿池选择、奖励分配）。
• 探索基于区块链平台的激励机制和应用，包括能源交易和市场互动。

提出的方法

• 按区块链问题类别对文献进行分类（安全性、挖矿管理、应用）。
• 对每项工作，确定博弈模型、参与者、行动、策略与收益。
• 解释使用的标准博弈论概念（纳什均衡、子博弈完美均衡、斯塔克尔伯格均衡、扩展形势、随机博弈）。
• 总结每个模型如何分析，同时揭示关于激励一致性和网络安全性的含义。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 哪些博弈论模型最能捕捉区块链矿工、矿池与用户之间的策略互动？
• RQ2 这些模型如何解决 PoW/PoS 系统中的自私挖矿、区块拒发和 DoS 等安全威胁？
• RQ3 博弈论分析对共识协议的激励兼容性与稳定性有何启示？
• RQ4 在将区块链与博弈论结合方面，主要的开放挑战与未来方向是什么？
• RQ5 博弈论如何在区块链应用（如边缘计算、能源交易）中指导激励设计和资源分配？

主要发现

• 博弈论为分析矿工与矿池行为以及区块链网络的激励兼容性提供了自然框架。
• 非合作、扩展形式、斯塔克尔伯格、随机博弈等模型有助于研究安全攻击、挖矿管理和市场互动。
• 应用包括建模自私挖矿、矿池区块拒发、分叉链选择、奖励与功率分配以及网络保险定价。
• 在自私挖矿情境中，探讨了零确定性策略（ZD）和合作概念以提升社会福利。
• 综述指出挑战并勾画激励机制设计与区块链与其他技术融合的未来方向。