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[论文解读] A Survey on Homomorphic Encryption Schemes: Theory and Implementation

Abbas Acar, Hidayet Aksu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 12, 2017
Cryptography and Data Security参考文献 133被引用 184
一句话总结

这篇论文综述同态加密(HE),包括部分、SWHE 和 FHE 方案及其理论、实现与未来发展方向,重点介绍 Gentry-type FHE 自 2009 年以来的进展。

ABSTRACT

Legacy encryption systems depend on sharing a key (public or private) among the peers involved in exchanging an encrypted message. However, this approach poses privacy concerns. Especially with popular cloud services, the control over the privacy of the sensitive data is lost. Even when the keys are not shared, the encrypted material is shared with a third party that does not necessarily need to access the content. Moreover, untrusted servers, providers, and cloud operators can keep identifying elements of users long after users end the relationship with the services. Indeed, Homomorphic Encryption (HE), a special kind of encryption scheme, can address these concerns as it allows any third party to operate on the encrypted data without decrypting it in advance. Although this extremely useful feature of the HE scheme has been known for over 30 years, the first plausible and achievable Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) scheme, which allows any computable function to perform on the encrypted data, was introduced by Craig Gentry in 2009. Even though this was a major achievement, different implementations so far demonstrated that FHE still needs to be improved significantly to be practical on every platform. First, we present the basics of HE and the details of the well-known Partially Homomorphic Encryption (PHE) and Somewhat Homomorphic Encryption (SWHE), which are important pillars of achieving FHE. Then, the main FHE families, which have become the base for the other follow-up FHE schemes are presented. Furthermore, the implementations and recent improvements in Gentry-type FHE schemes are also surveyed. Finally, further research directions are discussed. This survey is intended to give a clear knowledge and foundation to researchers and practitioners interested in knowing, applying, as well as extending the state of the art HE, PHE, SWHE, and FHE systems.

研究动机与目标

  • 解释同态加密(HE、PHE、SWHE、FHE)的基本概念及分类体系。
  • 回顾主要的 HE 家族及其如何在加密数据上实现不同的代数运算。
  • 总结实际实现、性能改进,以及硬件/软件方面的考量。
  • 讨论 HE 研究与应用中的未解挑战及未来发展方向。

提出的方法

  • 介绍 HE 的总体框架,以及 Enc、Dec、Eval 和 KeyGen 的定义。
  • 将 HE 方案分为 PHE、SWHE 和 FHE,并描述它们的运算能力界限。
  • 介绍知名的 HE 方案及其同态属性(加法、乘法,或两者)。
  • 综述 Gentry-type FHE 的进展及其后续改进与实现。
  • 讨论硬件与软件实现方面及实际性能关注点。
  • 概述 HE 研究与实践中的未来研究方向和知识空白。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在支持的运算和实际限制方面,PHE、SWHE 与 FHE 的核心区别是什么?
  • RQ2哪些知名的 HE 方案支持加法和/或乘法同态,以及它们的具体局限性?
  • RQ3在 Gentry 2009 年 FHE 突破之后,取得了哪些进展与实现?
  • RQ4在跨平台使 HE 实用化方面,关键研究方向和尚存的挑战有哪些?

主要发现

  • HE 方案分为 PHE(可进行无限次运算)、SWHE(运算次数受限)和 FHE(通用可计算)。
  • Gentry 的 2009 年 FHE 突破仍具基础性;随后工作聚焦于实际性能、化简、以及硬件/架构优化。
  • 对 HE 家族(RSA、El-Gamal、Benaloh、Goldwasser–Micali、GS、KT1/KTx、Boyen–Goh–Nis sinh、CPS 等)的广泛综述显示,在加法和/或乘法同态能力以及安全假设方面存在多样的权衡。
  • 许多现实世界的 HE 实现强调优化的评估策略、编码方案和电路友好型方法,旨在降低噪声增长和膨胀以提升实用性。
  • Gentry 之后的工作常常面向实际高效的 HE,包括硬件加速、优化的方案,以及平衡安全性与性能的混合方法。
  • 该综述为研究人员和从业者提供了一个集中参考,帮助理解 HE 的理论基础、实现选项和未来研究方向。

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