[论文解读] ACDC-Tracing: Towards Anonymous Citizen-Driven Contact Tracing

Kristof Roomp, Nuria Oliver|arXiv (Cornell University)|Apr 16, 2020

COVID-19 Digital Contact Tracing参考文献 3被引用 8

一句话总结

ACDC-Tracing 提出了一种保护隐私的、匿名的、基于凭证的接触追踪系统，感染者可将匿名凭证分享给密切接触者，使其能够匿名预约检测而不暴露身份。该系统无需应用程序、蓝牙或位置追踪，支持小规模测试以验证有效性，并可与现有数字接触追踪方法互补。

ABSTRACT

As we enter the control phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, many efforts have been dedicated to developing smartphone-based contact tracing apps in order to automatically identify people that a person with COVID-19 might have infected. These applications while potentially useful, present significant adoption, societal, technical and privacy challenges. We propose ACDC-Tracing, a simpler, anonymous, voucher-based contact tracing solution that relies on peoples' knowledge of their own close contacts. People who test positive are given an anonymous voucher which they can share with a limited number of people whom they think they might be infected. The recipients can use this voucher to book a COVID-19 test and can receive their test results without ever revealing their identity. People receiving positive result are given vouchers to further backtrack the path of infection. This is a fully anonymous solution which does not require any sharing of location data, Bluetooth, or having an app installed on people's mobile device. Moreover, ACDC-Tracing can be tested for effectiveness at a small scale without requiring adoption by the entire population, which would enable acquiring fast evidence about its efficacy and scalability. Finally, it is compatible with and complementary to alternative approaches to contact tracing.

研究动机与目标

• 解决新冠疫情期间基于智能手机的接触追踪应用所面临的隐私、采纳率和技术挑战。
• 开发一种低门槛、匿名且可扩展的接触追踪方法，无需依赖应用程序、蓝牙或位置数据。
• 通过小规模试点测试，在全面部署前实现对接触追踪有效性的早期验证。
• 创建一种与现有数字接触追踪解决方案兼容且互补的系统。
• 通过个人对接触者关系的了解，赋能个体以匿名方式主动参与遏制疾病传播。

提出的方法

• 向确诊感染SARS-CoV-2的个体发放匿名物理凭证。
• 凭证使接收者能够无需向卫生部门或检测系统透露身份即可预约新冠检测。
• 检测结果通过与凭证绑定的保密匿名渠道直接发送给接收者。
• 收到阳性结果的个体将获得新的凭证，用于追溯其自身的接触者。
• 该系统仅依赖人类记忆和自愿参与，避免使用数字追踪技术。
• 整个流程设计为可手动管理，并可在无需集中数据收集的情况下在多样化人群中实现可扩展性。

实验结果

研究问题

• RQ1 在大流行期间，完全匿名且非数字的接触追踪系统是否能有效减少疾病传播？
• RQ2 如何在不依赖蓝牙、GPS或智能手机应用程序的情况下实现接触追踪？
• RQ3 基于公民自主、依赖记忆的追踪在多大程度上可实现足够的覆盖率和速度以实现有效的疫情控制？
• RQ4 能否通过小规模测试评估基于凭证的系统在大规模部署前的可行性与可扩展性？
• RQ5 该系统如何在保护隐私的同时，使公共卫生机构能够识别并检测潜在感染者？

主要发现

• ACDC-Tracing 实现了无需任何数字基础设施（如应用程序、蓝牙或位置追踪）的匿名接触追踪。
• 该系统支持小规模试点测试，以在国家范围部署前评估其有效性和可扩展性。
• 确诊者可通过凭证系统匿名提醒密切接触者，同时保护身份机密性。
• 凭证接收者可匿名预约检测并接收结果，确保隐私并降低参与障碍。
• 该方法与现有数字接触追踪方法兼容，可增强整体公共卫生响应能力。
• 该系统利用人类记忆和自愿行动，减少对技术的依赖，提升在多样化人群中的可及性。