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[论文解读] Achieving state-of-the-art performance in the Medical Out-of-Distribution (MOOD) challenge using plausible synthetic anomalies

Sergio Naval Marimont, Giacomo Tarroni|arXiv (Cornell University)|Aug 2, 2023
Anomaly Detection Techniques and ApplicationsComputer Science被引用 3
一句话总结

该论文提出了一种新颖的无监督医学影像异常检测方法,通过使用随机形状和边缘平滑技术,提升了合成异常的逼真度与挑战性。该方法基于3D U-Net架构,结合自监督学习与模型集成,在腹部CT和脑部MRI的MICCAI 2022 MOOD挑战赛中,实现了最先进性能——在样本级和像素级任务中均排名第一。

ABSTRACT

The detection and localization of anomalies is one important medical image analysis task. Most commonly, Computer Vision anomaly detection approaches rely on manual annotations that are both time consuming and expensive to obtain. Unsupervised anomaly detection, or Out-of-Distribution detection, aims at identifying anomalous samples relying only on unannotated samples considered normal. In this study we present a new unsupervised anomaly detection method. Our method builds upon the self-supervised strategy consisting on training a segmentation network to identify local synthetic anomalies. Our contributions improve the synthetic anomaly generation process, making synthetic anomalies more heterogeneous and challenging by 1) using complex random shapes and 2) smoothing the edges of synthetic anomalies so networks cannot rely on the high gradient between image and synthetic anomalies. In our implementation we adopted standard practices in 3D medical image segmentation, including 3D U-Net architecture, patch-wise training and model ensembling. Our method was evaluated using a validation set with different types of synthetic anomalies. Our experiments show that our method improved substantially the baseline method performance. Additionally, we evaluated our method by participating in the Medical Out-of-Distribution (MOOD) Challenge held at MICCAI in 2022 and achieved first position in both sample-wise and pixel-wise tasks. Our experiments and results in the latest MOOD challenge show that our simple yet effective approach can substantially improve the performance of Out-of-Distribution detection techniques which rely on synthetic anomalies.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决无监督医学影像异常检测中依赖昂贵人工标注的问题。
  • 提升合成异常的逼真度与多样性,以增强分布外(OoD)检测性能。
  • 克服现有方法中真实与合成异常之间高梯度边缘带来的局限性。
  • 开发一种鲁棒且可泛化的检测方法,适用于多种医学影像模态中病理性和非病理性异常的检测。
  • 仅使用正常训练数据,在MICCAI 2022年医学分布外(MOOD)挑战赛中实现顶尖性能。

提出的方法

  • 使用复杂且随机形状的补丁生成合成异常,而非标准立方体,以提升多样性。
  • 在异常补丁与原始图像之间应用边缘平滑处理,以减少模型可能利用的高梯度伪影。
  • 采用自监督方式训练3D U-Net分割网络,以定位合成异常。
  • 采用逐块训练与滑动窗口推理策略,提升在3D体积数据上的定位精度。
  • 通过模型集成提升对不同类型异常的鲁棒性与泛化能力。
  • 采用标准的3D医学影像分割实践,包括数据增强和标准损失函数,以进一步提升性能。
Figure 1: Texture (foreign patch) and shape components (mask) of the synthetic anomaly generation process.
Figure 1: Texture (foreign patch) and shape components (mask) of the synthetic anomaly generation process.

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1使用随机形状的合成异常是否能提升无监督医学影像异常检测的泛化能力与逼真度?
  • RQ2在合成异常与背景图像之间应用边缘平滑是否能带来更鲁棒、更具泛化能力的分布外检测模型?
  • RQ3通过改进合成异常生成的简单自监督方法,是否能在真实世界挑战中超越现有最先进方法?
  • RQ4该方法在不同影像模态(如腹部CT和脑部MRI)上的性能表现如何?
  • RQ5针对某一模态的超参数调优在多大程度上可迁移至另一模态?这对跨模态部署有何影响?

主要发现

  • 所提方法在MICCAI 2022年MOOD挑战赛的样本级与像素级异常检测任务中均获得第一名。
  • 在腹部CT数据集上,该方法在样本级与像素级评估中均排名第一,在脑部MRI像素级任务中排名第四。
  • 由于在两种模态上均表现出色,该方法在MOOD 2022挑战赛中获得总体排名第一。
  • 在合成验证集上的实验表明,与使用标准立方体异常的基线方法相比,本方法性能显著提升。
  • 像素级任务中腹部CT与脑部MRI之间的性能差距表明,模态特定的超参数优化是必要的。
  • 该方法展现出强大的临床部署潜力,可作为实时、低成本的工具,辅助放射科医生检测异常和影像伪影。
Figure 2: Examples of augmented shapes for each category used in the anomaly generation process. Note that these are axial 2D slices of the actual 3D shapes used in our method.
Figure 2: Examples of augmented shapes for each category used in the anomaly generation process. Note that these are axial 2D slices of the actual 3D shapes used in our method.

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