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[论文解读] Adaptive clinical trial designs with blinded selection of binary composite endpoints and sample size reassessment

Marta Bofill Roig, Guadalupe Gómez Melis|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 20, 2022
Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials参考文献 20被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出了一种自适应双臂随机临床试验设计,允许基于中期样本量估计,盲法选择复合二元终点及其最具临床相关性的组成部分作为主要终点。该方法采用一种决策规则,优先选择所需样本量最小的终点,通过盲法估计的相关性和事件概率进行样本量重新评估——即使在相关性估计不准确的情况下,也能实现目标检验效能,同时保持第一类错误控制。

ABSTRACT

For randomized clinical trials where a single, primary, binary endpoint would require unfeasibly large sample sizes, composite endpoints (CEs) are widely chosen as the primary endpoint. Despite being commonly used, CEs entail challenges in designing and interpreting results. Given that the components may be of different relevance and have different effect sizes, the choice of components must be made carefully. Especially, sample size calculations for composite binary endpoints depend not only on the anticipated effect sizes and event probabilities of the composite components but also on the correlation between them. However, information on the correlation between endpoints is usually not reported in the literature which can be an obstacle for designing future sound trials. We consider two-arm randomized controlled trials with a primary composite binary endpoint and an endpoint that consists only of the clinically more important component of the CE. We propose a trial design that allows an adaptive modification of the primary endpoint based on blinded information obtained at an interim analysis. Especially, we consider a decision rule to select between a CE and its most relevant component as primary endpoint. The decision rule chooses the endpoint with the lower estimated required sample size. Additionally, the sample size is reassessed using the estimated event probabilities and correlation, and the expected effect sizes of the composite components. We investigate the statistical power and significance level under the proposed design through simulations. We show that the adaptive design is equally or more powerful than designs without adaptive modification on the primary endpoint. Besides, the targeted power is achieved even if the correlation is misspecified at the planning stage while maintaining the type 1 error. All the computations are implemented in R and illustrated by means of a peritoneal dialysis trial.

研究动机与目标

  • 解决在复合二元终点各成分间相关性未知或估计不佳时设计临床试验的挑战。
  • 开发一种基于中期盲法数据,自适应选择主要终点(复合终点与其最具临床相关性的组成部分之间)的方法。
  • 确保即使在计划阶段对成分间相关性估计不准确,也能维持目标统计检验效能。
  • 在允许使用盲法估计的相关性和事件概率进行样本量重新评估的同时,控制第一类错误率。

提出的方法

  • 定义一个决策规则,根据盲法中期数据估计的样本量,选择所需样本量较小的终点作为主要终点。
  • 利用中期分析中基于盲法数据估计的事件概率和成分间相关性,重新计算样本量。
  • 该方法假设为双臂随机对照试验,主要复合二元终点由两个成分组成,其中一个在临床上更为重要。
  • 通过基于成分结局协方差的盲法估计器,估计成分间相关性。
  • 仅在主要终点选择发生变化时进行样本量重新评估,通过预设的适应规则确保第一类错误控制。
  • 使用模拟方法评估各种相关性和效应量情景下的操作特性,包括检验效能和第一类错误率。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在何种条件下,使用复合终点作为主要终点相较于其最具相关性的组成部分更为高效?
  • RQ2当在计划阶段对复合成分间相关性估计不准确时,所提出的自适应设计在统计检验效能方面的表现如何?
  • RQ3在中期分析中,能否通过盲法估计相关性和事件概率,实现有效的样本量重新评估,同时不损害第一类错误控制?
  • RQ4基于优先选择所需样本量较低终点的决策规则,对整体试验效率和稳健性有何影响?
  • RQ5在不同相关性和效应量情景下,该自适应设计与固定样本量设计相比,在检验效能和样本量需求方面有何差异?

主要发现

  • 该自适应设计在所有情景下均实现或超过目标检验效能,即使在计划阶段对成分间相关性估计不准确时亦然。
  • 在所有研究情景下,第一类错误率均保持在名义水平(5%),显示出强大的错误控制能力。
  • 当仅使用最具相关性的成分需要更大样本量时,该设计能成功切换至复合终点,从而减少所需样本量。
  • 当最具相关性的成分本身已足够且所需受试者更少时,该设计会选择该成分,从而实现更高效的试验设计。
  • 当真实相关性为中等至较高时,基于样本量估计的决策规则在超过90%的模拟中正确选择了更高效的终点。
  • 该方法对相关性估计不准确具有稳健性,即使假设的相关性与真实值不同,检验效能仍接近目标值。

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