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[论文解读] Afterglows and Macronovae Associated with Nearby Low-Luminosity Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts

Di Xiao, Liang-Duan Liu|arXiv (Cornell University)|Oct 1, 2017
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research参考文献 7被引用 4
一句话总结

本文研究了与双中子星(BNS)并合相关的附近低光度短伽马射电暴(SGRBs)的余晖和巨新星辐射,同时对具有结构喷流的非轴对称喷发和本征低能火球的准各向同性喷发进行建模。结果表明,多波段余晖光曲线和光谱演化可区分这两种情形,从而通过后续观测约束喷出物质量、速度及周围介质密度。

ABSTRACT

A binary neutron star (BNS) merger has been widely argued to be one of the progenitors of a short gamma-ray burst (SGRB). This central engine can be verified if its gravitational-wave (GW) event is detected simultaneously. Once confirmed, this kind of association will be a landmark in multi-messenger astronomy and will greatly enhance our understanding of the BNS merger processes. Due to the limited detection horizon of BNS mergers for the advanced LIGO/Virgo GW observatories, we are inclined to local SGRBs within few hundreds of mega-parsecs. Since normal SGRBs rarely fall into such a close range, to make it more observationally valuable, we have to focus on low-luminosity SGRBs which have a higher statistical occurrence rate and detection probability. However, there is a possibility that an observed low-luminosity SGRB is intrinsically powerful but we are off-axis and only observe its side emission. In this paper, we provide some theoretical predictions of both the off-axis afterglow emission from a nearby SGRB under the assumption of a structured jet and the macronova signal from the ejecta of this GW-detectable BNS merger. From the properties of the afterglow emission, we could distinguish an off-axis normal SGRB from an intrinsically low-energy quasi-isotropic class. Furthermore, with follow-up multi-wavelength observations, a few parameters for BNS mergers (e.g. the medium density and the ejecta mass and velocity) would be constrained.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估在先进LIGO/Virgo探测范围(数百Mpc)内低光度SGRB的可探测性,该范围预期包含BNS并合的引力波事件。
  • 利用余晖光曲线与光谱演化,区分本征低光度SGRB与来自强大SGRB的非轴对称喷发。
  • 预测BNS并合喷出物产生的巨新星辐射特性,并与余晖信号对比,以实现模型区分。
  • 通过多波段后续观测,约束关键BNS并合参数,如喷出物质量、速度及周围介质密度。
  • 为多信使时代中识别BNS并合引力波事件的电磁对应体提供观测指导。

提出的方法

  • 采用具有临界角θc和幂律喷流分布的通用结构喷流模型,假设在恒定密度星际介质中发生相对论性束流化与减速。
  • 计算不同观测角度(θobs)和周围介质密度(n = 1–10⁻⁴ cm⁻³)下的多波段余晖光曲线(X射线、R波段、射电)。
  • 将这些非轴对称模型与具有各向同性动能Eiso ≈ 1.2×10⁴⁸ erg的准各向同性火球模型进行比较,后者代表本征低光度SGRB。
  • 基于喷出物质量与速度模拟巨新星光曲线与光谱演化,假设喷流能量与喷出物能量之间存在标度关系。
  • 利用观测通量比ε₀/εobs ∝ (θc/θobs)⁻ᵏ将非轴对称情况下的本征喷流功率与观测亮度关联。
  • 分析光曲线与光谱的时间演化,识别两种SGRB情形之间的区分特征。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1来自强大SGRB的非轴对称喷发是否能在观测上与本征低光度、准各向同性的SGRB区分开来?
  • RQ2在X射线、光学与射电波段,非轴对称与各向同性SGRB模型的余晖光曲线与光谱演化有何差异?
  • RQ3每种模型的预期巨新星亮度与演化特征为何?其与余晖辐射相比如何?
  • RQ4后续多波段观测能否约束关键BNS并合参数,如喷出物质量、速度与周围介质密度?
  • RQ5哪些观测特征可指导寻找GW探测范围内BNS并合的电磁对应体?

主要发现

  • 非轴对称SGRB的余晖光曲线上升更缓慢,峰值时间更晚,X射线与R波段的峰值时间差异可达四数量级,射电波段达三数量级。
  • 对于n = 1 cm⁻³的情况,非轴对称模型的X射线光曲线在~10⁴ s处达到峰值,而各向同性模型在~10⁰ s处达到峰值,表明时间演化存在显著差异。
  • 光谱演化显示明显差异:非轴对称模型在早期呈现更平坦的光谱与更硬的峰值,而各向同性模型则早期峰值且快速演化。
  • 由于喷出物能量随喷流能量降低,各向同性火球模型的巨新星信号预期远暗于非轴对称强大SGRB模型。
  • 观测到的余晖通量比ε₀/εobs ∝ (θc/θobs)⁻ᵏ可将观测亮度反推出本征喷流功率,从而实现模型区分。
  • 多波段后续观测可约束观测角度、喷出物质量、喷出物速度及周围介质密度,为理解BNS并合物理提供关键信息。

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