[论文解读] Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation of Connected and Automated Vehicles Using Game Engine: A Cooperative On-Ramp Merging Study
本文提出一种基于游戏引擎的代理模型仿真框架,采用Unity3D技术,对联网自动驾驶车辆(CAVs)进行建模,利用分布式共识协议实现协同匝道并道。与人工驾驶场景相比,该方法将行驶时间减少7%,能耗降低8%,污染物排放减少58%,同时确保安全性。
Agent-based modeling and simulation (ABMS) has been a popular approach to modeling autonomous and interacting agents in a multi-agent system. Specifically, ABMS can be applied to connected and automated vehicles (CAVs), since CAVs can be driven autonomously with the help of on-board sensors, and cooperate with each other through vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. In this work, we apply ABMS to CAVs using the game engine Unity3D, taking advantage of its visualization capability and other capabilities. Agent-based models of CAVs are built in the Unity3D environment, where vehicles are enabled with connectivity and autonomy by C#-based scripting API. We also build a simulation network in Unity3D based on the city of Mountain View, California. A case study of cooperative on-ramp merging has been carried out with the proposed distributed consensus-based protocol, and then compared with the human-in-the-loop simulation where the on-ramp vehicle is driven by four different human drivers on a driving simulator. The benefits of introducing the proposed protocol are evaluated in terms of travel time, energy consumption, and pollutant emissions. It is shown from the results that the proposed cooperative on-ramp merging protocol can reduce average travel time by 7%, reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions by 8% and 58%, respectively, and guarantee the driving safety when compared to the human-in-the-loop scenario.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一个基于游戏引擎的高保真仿真环境,用于建模联网自动驾驶车辆(CAVs)的复杂交通交互行为。
- 设计并实现一种分布式共识协议,支持CAVs之间的协同匝道并道。
- 评估所提出的协议在行驶时间、能耗和排放方面相对于人工驾驶并道的表现。
- 展示在智能交通系统中使用游戏引擎进行代理模型仿真的可行性与优势。
提出的方法
- 使用C#脚本在Unity3D中构建仿真环境,以建模车辆动力学和V2X通信。
- 实现具备自主性与联网能力的CAV代理模型,支持实时决策与协同。
- 基于美国加利福尼亚州蒙特雷公园市的真实城市路网,在Unity3D中重建仿真网络,用于场景验证。
- 分布式共识协议使CAVs能够协同确定最优并道轨迹。
- 仿真将CAV协议与四名人工驾驶员在人机共融驾驶模拟器中进行对比。
- 性能指标包括行驶时间、能耗和污染物排放,通过多次仿真运行进行评估。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1与人工驾驶并道相比,基于分布式共识的协同匝道并道协议对行驶时间有何影响?
- RQ2CAVs协同在并道场景中能在多大程度上降低能耗?
- RQ3与人工驾驶车辆相比,所提出的协议对污染物排放有何影响?
- RQ4在模拟城市环境中,协同并道协议的安全性能如何?
- RQ5基于游戏引擎的代理模型框架能否有效实现并评估大规模CAV交互?
主要发现
- 所提出的协同匝道并道协议相比人机共融仿真场景,平均行驶时间减少7%。
- 在CAV协议下,能耗降低8%,表明交通效率得到提升。
- 由于加速度更平稳且减少了启停行为,污染物排放降低了58%。
- 该协议通过防止碰撞并确保稳定的并道轨迹,维持了驾驶安全性。
- 基于Unity3D的仿真框架成功实现了CAVs与V2X能力的高保真可视化及实时交互。
- 结果表明,与人工驾驶并道相比,协调的CAV行为在效率和环境影响方面具有显著优势。
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