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[论文解读] An efficient mass lumping scheme for isogeometric analysis based on approximate dual basis functions

Susanne Held, Sascha Eisenträger|arXiv (Cornell University)|Jun 21, 2023
Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出了一种基于近似对偶基函数(AD)和基于逆Gram矩阵的对偶函数(IG)作为测试函数的高阶收敛质量集中格式,用于等几何分析(IGA)。通过引入全局算子变换,该方法实现了对角质量矩阵,在保持稳定性的同时显著提升了标准行求和质量集中法的精度,从而实现了计算成本更低、效率更高的显式动态模拟。

ABSTRACT

In this contribution, we provide a new mass lumping scheme for explicit dynamics in isogeometric analysis (IGA). To this end, an element formulation based on the idea of dual functionals is developed. Non-Uniform Rational B-splines (NURBS) are applied as shape functions and their corresponding dual basis functions are applied as test functions in the variational form, where two kinds of dual basis functions are compared. The first type are approximate dual basis functions (AD) with varying degree of reproduction, resulting in banded mass matrices. Dual basis functions derived from the inversion of the Gram matrix (IG) are the second type and already yield diagonal mass matrices. We will show that it is possible to apply the dual scheme as a transformation of the resulting system of equations based on NURBS as shape and test functions. Hence, it can be easily implemented into existing IGA routines. Treating the application of dual test functions as preconditioner reduces the additional computational effort, but it cannot entirely erase it and the density of the stiffness matrix still remains higher than in standard Bubnov-Galerkin formulations. In return applying additional row-sum lumping to the mass matrices is either not necessary for IG or the caused loss of accuracy is lowered to a reasonable magnitude in the case of AD. Numerical examples show a significantly better approximation of the dynamic behavior for the dual lumping scheme compared to standard NURBS approaches making use of row-sum lumping. Applying IG yields accurate numerical results without additional lumping. But as result of the global support of the IG dual basis functions, fully populated stiffness matrices occur, which are entirely unsuitable for explicit dynamic simulations. Combining AD and row-sum lumping leads to an efficient computation regarding effort and accuracy.

研究动机与目标

  • 为解决传统行求和质量集中法在等几何分析(IGA)显式动力学中效率低下的问题。
  • 开发一种基于对偶基函数的高阶收敛质量集中方案,以提升精度和计算效率。
  • 通过变换算子实现与现有IGA代码的无缝集成,最大限度降低实现开销。
  • 分析并比较两种对偶基函数——近似对偶(AD)和逆Gram矩阵(IG)——在动态模拟中的性能表现。

提出的方法

  • 基于NURBS作为形函数、对偶基函数作为测试函数,在IGA中构建基于对偶测试函数的变分形式。
  • 引入两种对偶基函数:具有可控重构阶数的近似对偶(AD),以及通过Gram矩阵求逆得到的逆Gram矩阵(IG)。
  • 应用变换算子将一致质量矩阵转换为对角形式,从而实现高效的时间积分。
  • 采用矩拟合积分规则,在保持精度的同时降低组装成本。
  • 对AD基质量矩阵实施行求和质量集中,由于其对角占优结构,可实现最小精度损失的对角化。
  • 将该方法实现为黑箱操作,允许无缝集成到现有IGA求解器中,无需修改核心组装过程。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1能否利用对偶基函数在IGA中构建一种质量集中方案,使其在显式动力学中的精度和效率均优于标准行求和质量集中法?
  • RQ2对偶基函数类型的选择(AD与IG)如何影响刚度矩阵和质量矩阵的稀疏性、带宽及计算成本?
  • RQ3AD函数的重构阶数在多大程度上影响精度和计算性能?
  • RQ4所提出的方案能否在现有IGA代码中以最小改动实现,同时保持精度并实现更快的时间积分?
  • RQ5AD对偶基函数与行求和质量集中相结合,能否产生稳定、精确且计算高效的显式动态模拟格式?

主要发现

  • 所提出的对偶质量集中方案在动态响应精度方面显著优于传统行求和质量集中法,尤其在高阶NURBS(p = 2至5)情况下表现突出,如洛马普里塔地震模拟所示。
  • 具有最大重构阶数(q = p)的近似对偶(AD)函数可实现最高精度,并保持对角占优的质量矩阵,从而减少因额外行求和质量集中带来的误差。
  • 基于逆Gram矩阵(IG)的对偶基函数可生成一致的对角质量矩阵,具备完整的重构能力,其精度与一致格式相当,但导致刚度矩阵完全填充,因此不适合显式动力学应用。
  • AD基方案的计算成本高于标准Bubnov-Galerkin方法,主要由于带宽增加,但其因对角质量矩阵带来的更快时间积分优势远超此代价。
  • 时间测量结果表明,AD质量集中方案在效率上优于一致格式,且对角质量矩阵带来的性能增益超过了实现开销。
  • 该方法可作为黑箱变换实现,实现与现有IGA代码的便捷集成,无需修改核心组装流程。

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