[论文解读] Analysis of bio-electro-chemical signals from passive sweat-based wearable electro-impedance spectroscopy (EIS) towards assessing blood glucose modulations
本研究提出一种低功耗可穿戴电化学阻抗谱(EIS)系统,结合超灵敏柔性生物传感器,通过被动汗液收集实现连续、无创的葡萄糖监测。采用比值DFT校准与自回归模型,该系统在20名健康受试者中实现了8小时稳定的葡萄糖检测,设备间误差低于1.25%,且在5–200 mg/dL葡萄糖浓度范围内表现出高灵敏度。
There has been a recent tremendous interest in label-free detection of biomarkers which is a critical enabler of point-of-need diagnostics. A low-power, small form factor, multiplexed wearable system is proposed for continuous detection of glucose in passively expressed sweat using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. The wearable EIS system consists of a sensing analog front end integrated with low-volume (1-5 $\\mu$L) ultra-sensitive flexible biosensors. A passive sweat sensor was designed to integrate a glucose oxidase electrochemical system on active semiconducting material. The non-faradaic EIS response of the biosensor was used to calibrate the analog front end response using ratiometric Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) for a shorter measurement time. In this work, a stringent assessment of a continuous glucose sensing platform is performed in a bottom-up approach, going from the biosensor to the system to the interaction with a human subject. The active semiconductor-based biosensors are dosed with glucose concentrations ranging from 5-200 mg/dL and detection is performed using the analog front end. In addition, a detailed analysis of battery life and performance of a wearable EIS system is discussed to define a figure of merit for an optimally integrated design. Moreover, a continuous glucose detection test is performed on a healthy human subject cohort to investigate the stability of the sensor-system mechanism for an 8-hour period, and a time-series-based, auto-regressive (AR) model was created for the system.
研究动机与目标
- 开发一种低功耗可穿戴EIS平台,利用被动汗液收集实现连续无创葡萄糖监测。
- 通过采用比值DFT校准,解决低体积传感中信号稳定性与噪声问题,提升测量精度。
- 通过8小时人体队列试验,在真实环境中验证系统的性能表现。
- 通过分析功耗与性能的权衡,建立系统集成的性能指标(figure of merit)。
- 展示时间序列建模(自回归模型)在从EIS数据中实现连续葡萄糖趋势预测的可行性。
提出的方法
- 采用在半导体基底上修饰葡萄糖氧化酶的被动汗液生物传感器,实现非法拉第EIS响应。
- 将低体积(1–5 µL)超灵敏柔性生物传感器与模拟前端集成,使用ADuCM350施加交流电压(10 mV,100 Hz)。
- 应用比值离散傅里叶变换(DFT)对模拟前端响应进行校准,降低系统性偏移,提升信噪比。
- 采用时间复用多路复用技术,在极低功耗下实现多通道运行。
- 集成蓝牙低能耗(BLE)芯片组,实现实时数据向移动应用的传输。
- 集成温度与相对湿度(RH)传感器(HDC1080)及电源管理模块(BQ24040),实现自主运行。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1可穿戴EIS系统是否能在8小时内通过被动汗液实现稳定、连续的葡萄糖监测,且设备间差异极小?
- RQ2比值DFT校准在低体积传感中如何降低系统性偏移并提升信号精度?
- RQ3与插值汗液葡萄糖测量相比,自回归(AR)模型在时间序列EIS数据中预测葡萄糖趋势的准确度如何?
- RQ4噪声与误差对可穿戴EIS平台的电池寿命与系统性能有何影响?
- RQ5系统的集成性能指标如何在灵敏度、功耗效率与测量时长之间实现平衡?
主要发现
- 系统在100 Hz下表现出50 Ω(−1.25%)的系统性负向偏移,三台设备间阻抗校准的设备间差异为50 Ω。
- 四通道间的最大通道间差异为150 Ω,表明多通道性能一致。
- 生物传感器在合成汗液与人体汗液中,对5–200 mg/dL葡萄糖浓度范围均表现出可检测的EIS响应,证实其在临床相关范围内的灵敏度。
- 在20名健康受试者中,系统成功实现了无体力活动或汗液诱导条件下,每分钟一次的连续体表测量,持续8小时。
- 自回归(AR)模型有效捕捉了葡萄糖趋势动态,实现了与插值汗液葡萄糖值高度相关的时序预测。
- 系统实现了低功耗下的稳定性能,性能指标分析明确了灵敏度、电池寿命与测量时长之间的最优权衡。
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