[论文解读] Analysis of Hydrogen Production Costs across the United States and over the next 30 years
本研究分析了2020年至2050年美国各地区的氢气生产成本与碳强度,比较了采用90%碳捕集、利用与封存(CCUS)的天然气蒸汽重整(SMR)与三种电解技术——碱性电解、质子交换膜(PEM)和固体氧化物电解(SOEC)——的差异。研究发现,只有当电价降至2¢/kWh时,电解制氢才能在成本上与SMR竞争,凸显了电网脱碳和降低电价对推动绿色氢广泛采用的必要性。
Hydrogen can play an important role for decarbonization. While hydrogen is usually produced through SMR, it can also be produced through water electrolysis which is cleaner. The relative cost and carbon intensity of hydrogen production through SMR and electrolysis vary throughout the United States because of differences in the grid. While many hydrogen cost models exist, no regional hydrogen study has been conducted across the US. We studied how the Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and carbon intensity for producing hydrogen vary across the US. We looked at electrolysis technologies (Alkaline, PEM, and SOEC) and compared them to SMR. In 2020, SMR with 90 percent CCUS has a lower average LCOH and carbon intensity for hydrogen production than electrolysis by SOEC. For states with cleaner grids, hydrogen produced through SOEC has a lower carbon intensity than hydrogen produced using SMR with 90 percent CCUS. Washington has one of the lowest carbon footprints and the lowest LCOH to produce hydrogen through electrolysis (alkaline). We predict that the LCOH for hydrogen production will be 3.2 USD per kg for Alkaline, 3.1 USD per kg for PEM, and 2.6 USD per kg for SOEC by 2050 with constant electricity prices. These projected LCOHs are still higher than the LCOH for hydrogen produced through SMR with 90 percent CCUS. If electricity costs decrease to 2c per kWh, we expect to reach cost-parity with SMR with 90 percent CCUS. The results suggest that significant investment in decarbonizing the grid and lowering the cost of electricity needs to be made to make electrolysis more competitive compared to SMR.
研究动机与目标
- 评估美国各地区氢气生产成本与碳强度的区域差异。
- 比较采用90% CCUS的SMR与三种电解技术(碱性、PEM和SOEC)的氢气平准化成本(LCOH)与碳强度。
- 在不同电价情景下,预测至2050年氢气生产的LCOH与碳强度趋势。
- 识别影响绿色氢与蓝色氢竞争力的关键区域与技术因素。
提出的方法
- 本研究采用考虑各州电力价格与电网碳强度区域差异的区域化氢气平准化成本(LCOH)模型。
- 评估三种电解技术——碱性、质子交换膜(PEM)和固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)——以及采用90%碳捕集的天然气蒸汽重整(SMR)。
- 模型综合考虑各类技术的资本成本、电力消耗与运行寿命,利用区域电网数据计算碳强度。
- 对电价进行敏感性分析,以确定电解制氢与SMR实现成本持平的临界电价。
- 分析时间跨度为2020年至2050年,分别在电价恒定与下降的情景下预测LCOH与碳强度。
- 结果按美国各州空间分解,以识别低生产成本与低碳氢气生产的领先地区。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1截至2020年,美国各地区氢气生产成本与碳强度的区域差异是什么?
- RQ2在美国各州,碱性、PEM与SOEC电解技术的氢气平准化成本(LCOH)与采用90% CCUS的SMR相比如何?
- RQ3电解制氢与采用90% CCUS的SMR实现成本持平所需的电价是多少?
- RQ4哪些美国州在通过电解法生产绿色氢方面具有最低的LCOH与碳强度?
- RQ5在电价恒定与下降的情景下,2020年至2050年氢气生产的LCOH与碳强度趋势如何演变?
主要发现
- 2020年,美国范围内采用90% CCUS的SMR平均LCOH与碳强度均低于SOEC电解制氢。
- 华盛顿州因电网清洁且电价低廉,成为碱性电解制氢成本最低、碳足迹最小的州。
- 到2050年,在电价保持不变的假设下,碱性、PEM与SOEC电解制氢的预测LCOH分别为3.2 USD/kg、3.1 USD/kg与2.6 USD/kg。
- 只有当电价降至2¢/kWh时,电解制氢才能与采用90% CCUS的SMR实现成本持平。
- 在电网更清洁的州(如华盛顿州),SOEC生产的氢气碳强度低于采用90% CCUS的SMR。
- 为使绿色氢与蓝色氢具备竞争力,必须大幅投资于电网脱碳与电价降低。
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