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[论文解读] Anticorruption Enforcement and Sale Mechanism Choice in China's Land Market

Julia Manso|arXiv (Cornell University)|Feb 27, 2026
Land Rights and Reforms被引用 0
一句话总结

该论文在 IPTW 的边际结构模型中使用固定效应来估计腐败起诉对土地出让方式选择(挂牌 vs. 拍卖)和土地价格的因果效应,发现起诉会减少挂牌并抬升价格。

ABSTRACT

Upon taking office in late 2012, Chinese President Xi Jinping launched one of the most intensive anticorruption campaigns in the history of the People's Republic of China. Prior to the campaign, China's land market suffered from corruption, particularly surrounding sale method selection (auction versus listing). Listing is a two-stage sale mechanism that prior research has identified as more susceptible to corruption, leading to lower prices. This paper examines the campaign's impact on land allocation, focusing on whether corruption influences the choice of sale method and, in turn, land sale prices. This paper is the first to utilize Blackwell and Yamauchi (2021, 2024)'s marginal structural model with fixed effects in the inverse probability of treatment weighting model; absorbing time-invariant unobserved confounding and utilizing a set of time-varying covariates as controls, this model can estimate causal effects in the land sale case. I find that indictments in a prefecture cause a statistically significant drop in the probability that land is sold via listing$\unicode{x2014}$an effect that is further compounded when indictments occur in consecutive months. Sensitivity analyses indicate that any violations of the identification assumptions would bias estimates towards zero, confirming the negative effect. A second marginal structural model shows that both mean and median land sale prices increase in the presence of indictments. Together, these results suggest that the anticorruption campaign not only deterred actual corrupt allocation practices, but also impacted the discretionary use of listings.

研究动机与目标

  • 评估腐败起诉是否影响中国土地的挂牌(两阶段)与拍卖出让方式的选择。
  • 估计腐败指标对土地出让价格(均值与中位数)的影响。
  • 在逆概率加权框架下应用带有固定效应的边际结构模型(MSMs)以控制时间变化的混淆变量和不可观察的时间不变因素。
  • 通过对识别假设的敏感性分析来展示研究发现的稳健性。

提出的方法

  • 以 prefecture 级别的腐败起诉作为处理变量,土地出让方式作为结果变量(挂牌 vs. 拍卖)。
  • 在 IPTW 框架中使用带单元固定效应的边际结构模型(MSMs),以吸收时间不变的未观测混淆。
  • 使用 IPTW 构建权重,在存在时间变化协变量的情况下估计因果效应。
  • 在后续 MSM 中将土地出让价格的均值和中位数作为结果变量进行估计。
  • 进行敏感性分析以评估识别假设的潜在违背。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1 prefecture 级别的腐败起诉是否降低土地通过挂牌(两阶段拍卖)出售的概率,相对其他方式?
  • RQ2在控制销售方式及其他协变量的条件下,腐败起诉是否影响土地出让价格(均值和中位数)?
  • RQ3起诉是否存在累积或序列月份效应对出让方式和价格的影响?
  • RQ4对于 MSM 识别假设的潜在违反,其结果的稳健性如何?

主要发现

  • 在一个 prefecture 的起诉会显著降低通过挂牌出售土地的概率,挂牌的任意出现概率下降 1.16 个百分点。
  • 当起诉发生在连续月份时,对挂牌的不利影响会累积,在五个月窗口内导致更大的累计下降(7.78 个百分点)。
  • 另一份 MSM 显示在存在起诉时,平均和中位土地出让价格上升,给定月份/年的 prefecture 起诉约使每平方米平均价上涨约 6.78%(中位数亦有类似上升)。
  • 敏感性分析表明识别假设的违反会把估计偏向于零,从而强化对挂牌的负效应和对价格的正效应的报告。

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