[论文解读] Applications of Robots for COVID-19 Response
这篇论文编目了262个与COVID-19相关的机器人使用报告,在六类任务中识别出104种机器人模型的203个具体实例,突出了遥控主导和自治的缺口。
This paper reviews 262 reports appearing between March 27 and July 4, 2020, in the press, social media, and scientific literature describing 203 instances of actual use of 104 different models of ground and aerial robots for the COVID19 response. The reports are organized by stakeholders and work domain into a novel taxonomy of six application categories, reflecting major differences in work envelope, adoption strategy, and human-robot interaction constraints. Each application category is further divided into a total of 30 subcategories based on differences in mission. The largest number of reported instances were for public safety (74 out of 203) and clinical care (46), though robots for quality of life (27), continuity of work and education (22), laboratory and supply chain automation (21), and non-clinical care (13) were notable. Ground robots were used more frequently (119) than aerial systems (84), but unlike ground robots, aerial applications appeared to take advantage of existing general purpose platforms that were used for multiple applications and missions. Of the 104 models of robots, 82 were determined to be commercially available or already existed as a prototype, 11 were modifications to existing robots, 11 were built from scratch. Teleoperation dominated the control style (105 instances), with the majority of those applications intentionally providing remote presence and thus not amenable to full autonomy in the future. Automation accounted for 74 instances and taskable agency forms of autonomy, 24. The data suggests areas for further research in autonomy, human-robot interaction, and adaptability.
研究动机与目标
- 记录COVID-19早期时期(2020年3–7月)机器人实际使用情况,以便为政策制定者和机器人研发人员提供指导。
- 基于利益相关者和工作领域,开发机器人应用的分类法。
- 分析模态(地面 vs 空中)、控制方案(遥操作、自动化、可任务化自治)及自治水平。
- 确定自治、人机交互与适应性方面未来研究的差距与优先事项。
提出的方法
- 基于新闻、社交媒体与科学文献对262份报告进行人工内容分析。
- 提取跨33个国家的203个明确的COVID-19相关机器人使用实例。
- 基于工作领域和任务,将其分类为六大类别、30个子类别的分类法。
- 按模态(地面 vs 空中)以及控制方案(遥操作、自动化、可任务自治)进行汇总。
- 确定广泛使用的模型及机器人商业可用性状况。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1在利益相关者和工作领域中,出现了哪些COVID-19相关机器人应用类别?
- RQ2疫情期间,地面机器人与空中机器人的使用、部署及平台成熟度有何差异?
- RQ3哪些控制方案(遥操作、自动化,或半自治的可任务代理)主导了COVID-19机器人部署?
- RQ4自治和人机交互方面存在哪些差距需要未来研究?
- RQ5最常使用的机器人模型有哪些,它们的商业可用性或改造程度如何?
主要发现
- 总共有203个具体的机器人部署,跨六个应用类别。
- 地面机器人(119例)比空中机器人(84例)更常见。
- 公共安全(74例)和临床护理(46例)是最大的类别;其他包括生活质量、工作与教育的持续性、实验室与供应链自动化,以及非医院护理。
- 遥操作主导控制(105例),许多案例强调远程驻留而非完全自治。
- 自动化占74例,其中24例涉及可任务自治形式的自治;若干子类别同时具备自治与遥操作元素。
- 使用了广泛的模型与平台(104种模型;82种商业可用或现有原型;11种经过修改;11种从零开始构建),其中DJI Mavic 2 Enterprise、TEMI、MMC是最常见的模型。
- 空中平台通常是通用型,能够在任务之间快速重新定位;地面机器人往往更具任务特定性(如消毒、分发)。
- 数据凸显在大型户外和杂乱室内空间的导航、操作能力、物理人机交互以及用于库存与识别的鲁棒计算机视觉方面的改进机会。
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