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[论文解读] Approximate unitary $t$-designs by short random quantum circuits using nearest-neighbor and long-range gates

Aram W. Harrow, Saeed Mehraban|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 18, 2018
Mathematical Approximation and Integration被引用 25
一句话总结

该论文表明,基于D维晶格上的最近邻或长程门的短随机量子线路在深度 $\operatorname{poly}(t) \cdot n^{1/D}$ 时即可实现近似酉 $t$-设计,显著优于以往的线性深度界限。关键结果是此类线路在次线性深度下表现出反集中性,证实了 $O(\sqrt{n})$ 深度足以支持量子计算优越性实验。

ABSTRACT

We prove that $poly(t) \cdot n^{1/D}$-depth local random quantum circuits with two qudit nearest-neighbor gates on a $D$-dimensional lattice with n qudits are approximate $t$-designs in various measures. These include the "monomial" measure, meaning that the monomials of a random circuit from this family have expectation close to the value that would result from the Haar measure. Previously, the best bound was $poly(t)\cdot n$ due to Brandao-Harrow-Horodecki (BHH) for $D=1$. We also improve the "scrambling" and "decoupling" bounds for spatially local random circuits due to Brown and Fawzi. One consequence of our result is that assuming the polynomial hierarchy (PH) is infinite and that certain counting problems are $\#P$-hard on average, sampling within total variation distance from these circuits is hard for classical computers. Previously, exact sampling from the outputs of even constant-depth quantum circuits was known to be hard for classical computers under the assumption that PH is infinite. However, to show the hardness of approximate sampling using this strategy requires that the quantum circuits have a property called "anti-concentration", meaning roughly that the output has near-maximal entropy. Unitary 2-designs have the desired anti-concentration property. Thus our result improves the required depth for this level of anti-concentration from linear depth to a sub-linear value, depending on the geometry of the interactions. This is relevant to a recent proposal by the Google Quantum AI group to perform such a sampling task with 49 qubits on a two-dimensional lattice and confirms their conjecture that $O(\sqrt n)$ depth suffices for anti-concentration. We also prove that anti-concentration is possible in depth O(log(n) loglog(n)) using a different model.

研究动机与目标

  • 建立在D维晶格上,短随机量子线路可通过深度 $\operatorname{poly}(t) \cdot n^{1/D}$ 实现近似 $t$-设计,优于以往的 $\operatorname{poly}(t) \cdot n$ 边界。
  • 证明低深度线路中输出态概率的反集中性,这是展示量子计算优势的关键。
  • 扩展对空间局部随机线路中杂耍与解耦性质的分析,改进先前工作的界限。
  • 确认在 $O(\sqrt{n})$ 深度线路中反集中性可行,支持谷歌量子人工智能与USTC的近期实验主张。
  • 通过低深度线路的范数等价性,统一不同收敛度量(如单项式、碰撞概率)至哈拉测度。

提出的方法

  • 基于Brandão-Harrow-Horodecki(2014)的 $t$-设计构造作为基础,将其适配至低深度场景。
  • 利用置换算符的准正交性分析近似设计的复合,扩展先前工作的技术。
  • 引入一种对应反集中性的新范数,并证明其与低深度线路中其他标准范数等价。
  • 对长程随机线路使用马尔可夫链分析,以界碰撞概率并建立在大小 $O(n\ln^2 n)$ 时的反集中性,对应深度 $O(\ln^3 n)$。
  • 应用Krawtchouk多项式恒等式与二项式范数正交性,分析矩与收敛速率。
  • 使用Paley-Zygmund不等式推导大输出振幅概率的下界,证实反集中性。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1在D维晶格上的随机量子线路中,能否在 $n$ 的次线性深度内实现近似酉 $t$-设计?
  • RQ2具有最近邻或长程门的随机量子线路中,实现反集中性所需的最小电路深度或大小是多少?
  • RQ3在低深度随机线路中,不同收敛度量(如单项式、碰撞概率)之间有何关系?它们是否等价?
  • RQ4能否通过不同电路模型在深度 $O(\ln n \ln \ln n)$ 内实现反集中性?其大小与深度之间存在何种权衡?
  • RQ5长程随机线路中实现反集中性所需的电路大小下限是多少?

主要发现

  • 对于D维晶格,深度为 $\operatorname{poly}(t) \cdot n^{1/D}$ 的局部随机线路(使用最近邻门)在所有标准度量下(包括单项式与反集中性)均形成近似 $t$-设计。
  • 在二维晶格中,反集中性在深度 $O(\sqrt{n})$ 时成立,证实了谷歌量子人工智能实验的猜想。
  • 对于长程随机线路,反集中性在大小 $O(n\ln^2 n)$ 时实现,对应深度 $O(\ln^3 n)$,且电路大小存在 $\Omega(n\ln n)$ 的匹配下界。
  • 一种替代模型在深度 $O(\ln n \ln \ln n)$ 时实现反集中性,大小为 $O(n\ln n \ln \ln n)$,显示出更优的深度缩放。
  • 期望平方振幅 $\mathbb{E}_{C\sim\mu}|\braket{x}{C}{0}|^2$ 为 $\frac{1 + \frac{1}{\operatorname{poly}(n)}}{2^n}$,四阶矩为 $\frac{2}{2^n(2^n+1)}\left(1 + \frac{1}{\operatorname{poly}(n)}\right)$,证实了接近最大熵。
  • 利用Paley-Zygmund不等式,$|\braket{x}{C}{0}|^2 \geq \frac{1}{2^{n+1}}$ 的概率至少为 $1/8 - \frac{1}{\operatorname{poly}(n)}$,表明反集中性具有鲁棒性。

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