[论文解读] Approximating Power Flow and Transmission Losses in Coordinated Capacity Expansion Problems
本文评估了在协同容量扩展模型中对潮流和输电损耗的线性近似,表明采用三条切线的凸损耗近似线性化潮流能准确捕捉物理行为——与无损模型相比,将电网扩容的高估程度降低了20%——同时实现了可行的后优化交流潮流验证。
With rising shares of renewables and the need to properly assess trade-offs between transmission, storage and sectoral integration as balancing options, building a bridge between energy system models and detailed power flow studies becomes increasingly important, but is computationally challenging. W compare approximations for two nonlinear phenomena, power flow and transmission losses, in linear capacity expansion problems that co-optimise investments in generation, storage and transmission infrastructure. We evaluate different flow representations discussing differences in investment decisions, nodal prices, the deviation of optimised flows and losses from simulated AC power flows, and the computational performance. By using the open European power system model PyPSA-Eur we obtain detailed and reproducible results aiming at facilitating the selection of a suitable power flow model. Given the differences in complexity, the optimal choice depends on the application, the user's available computational resources, and the level of spatial detail considered. Although the commonly used transport model can already identify key features of a cost-efficient system while being computationally performant, deficiencies under high loading conditions arise due to the lack of a physical grid representation. Moreover, disregarding transmission losses overestimates optimal grid expansion by 20%. Adding a convex relaxation of quadratic losses with two or three tangents to the linearised power flow equations and accounting for changing line impedances as the network is reinforced suffices to represent power flows and losses adequately in design studies. We show that the obtained investment and dispatch decisions are then sufficiently physical to be used in more detailed nonlinear simulations of AC power flow in order to better assess their technical feasibility.
研究动机与目标
- 解决将非线性交流潮流整合到大规模线性容量扩展模型中的计算挑战。
- 评估在输电、发电和储能扩展规划中,模型保真度、计算成本与物理准确性之间的权衡。
- 确定简化的线性潮流模型是否能产生在后续非线性交流潮流分析中具有物理可行性的投资决策。
- 评估忽略输电损耗和无功功率对投资和系统成本结果的影响。
- 根据空间分辨率、计算资源和应用需求,提供选择合适潮流近似的指导。
提出的方法
- 实施并比较五种线性潮流模型:运输模型、带损耗近似的运输模型、无损线性化潮流模型、带损耗近似的线性化潮流模型,以及带损耗近似的迭代线性化潮流模型。
- 使用 PyPSA-Eur(一个开源的、高分辨率的欧洲电力系统模型)来模拟线性优化和详细的交流潮流,以进行验证。
- 通过在二次损耗曲线上使用两条或三条切线,对非线性二次输电损耗进行凸松弛近似。
- 在优化过程中迭代更新线路阻抗,以反映容量扩展,从而提高物理一致性。
- 使用牛顿-拉夫森法对完整交流潮流仿真结果进行验证,包括分布平衡节点和电压约束。
- 通过计算时间、解的准确性、节点电价一致性,以及潮流和损耗与交流仿真结果的偏差来评估模型性能。
实验结果
研究问题
- RQ1不同的潮流和输电损耗线性近似如何影响协同发电、储能和输电扩展中的投资决策?
- RQ2在线性模型中忽略输电损耗在多大程度上高估了电网强化的必要性?
- RQ3使用三条切线的二次损耗凸松弛是否能准确表示扩展规划中的实际输电损耗?
- RQ4迭代阻抗更新在多大程度上提高了线性化潮流模型的物理一致性?
- RQ5改进后的线性模型所生成的投资和经济调度决策是否在后续交流潮流验证中具有物理可行性?
主要发现
- 在常用的运输模型中忽略输电损耗,与交流潮流仿真相比,会使最优电网扩容高估20%。
- 采用三条切线的二次损耗凸松弛能准确近似实际输电损耗,同时保持计算效率。
- 在强化过程中考虑线路阻抗的变化至关重要;若忽略,则会导致损耗高估和次优投资决策。
- 带损耗近似的线性化潮流模型所产生的投资和调度决策具有足够的物理可行性和一致性,可作为详细交流潮流仿真输入。
- 迭代线性化潮流模型(带损耗近似)由于需要多次求解器迭代,计算成本最高,但提供了最佳的准确性与可行性平衡。
- 更简单的模型(如无损运输模型)不足以用于后优化交流验证,因其缺乏对损耗和电压行为的物理表征。
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