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[论文解读] Architecture and Algorithms for an Airborne Network

Arunabha Sen, Pavel Ghosh|arXiv (Cornell University)|Sep 22, 2010
UAV Applications and Optimization参考文献 15被引用 5
一句话总结

本文提出一种受控的空中网络(AN)架构,利用移动平台(飞机、无人机、卫星)作为空中网络节点(ANPs),在关键任务的空中走廊中实现连续连接与三维覆盖。该架构引入算法,以最优方式确定ANP速度、传输范围、轨道半径及ANP数量,从而在最小化节点数的前提下,维持拓扑稳定的连通覆盖,无论走廊尺寸如何,每条轨道仅需五个ANP即可实现完整的三维覆盖。

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Air Force currently is in the process of developing an Airborne Network (AN) to provide support to its combat aircrafts on a mission. The reliability needed for continuous operation of an AN is difficult to achieve through completely infrastructure-less mobile ad hoc networks. In this paper we first propose an architecture for an AN where airborne networking platforms (ANPs - aircrafts, UAVs and satellites) form the backbone of the AN. In this architecture, the ANPs can be viewed as mobile base stations and the combat aircrafts on a mission as mobile clients. The combat aircrafts on a mission move through a space called air corridor. The goal of the AN design is to form a backbone network with the ANPs with two properties: (i) the backbone network remains connected at all times, even though the topology of the network changes with the movement of the ANPs, and (ii) the entire 3D space of the air corridor is under radio coverage at all times by the continuously moving ANPs. In addition to proposing an architecture for an AN, the contributions of the paper include, development of an algorithm that finds the velocity and transmission range of the ANPs so that the dynamically changing backbone network remains connected at all times, development of a routing algorithm that ensures a connection between the source-destination node pair with the fewest number of path switching, given the dimensions of the air corridor and the radius of the coverage sphere associated with an ANP, development of an algorithm that finds the fewest number of ANPs required to provide complete coverage of the air corridor at all times, development of an algorithm that provides connected-coverage to the air corridor at all times, and development of a visualization tool that depicts the movement patterns of the ANPs and the resulting dynamic graph and the coverage volume of the backbone network.

研究动机与目标

  • 设计一种具有受控移动性的空中网络(AN),通过空中网络节点(ANPs)为关键任务作战飞机提供支持。
  • 确保AN骨干网络在ANP移动导致的动态拓扑下始终保持连通。
  • 在任何时刻提供空中走廊的完整三维无线电覆盖,确保所有作战飞机均可接入网络。
  • 在维持连通性与覆盖的前提下,最小化实现完整覆盖所需的ANP数量。
  • 开发并评估在动态约束下,ANP速度、传输范围、轨道半径及节点数量的算法。

提出的方法

  • 提出一种AN架构,其中ANPs作为移动基站,作战飞机作为移动客户端,部署于三维空中走廊内。
  • 开发一种算法,用于计算ANP速度与传输范围,以在动态移动下维持网络连通性。
  • 引入一种路由算法,以最小化源节点与目的节点之间的路径切换。
  • 设计一种覆盖优化算法,用于确定实现空中走廊完整三维覆盖所需的最少ANP数量。
  • 采用非线性约束优化(通过Nimbus求解器实现),在几何约束下求解最优轨道半径与ANP数量。
  • 采用两种不同的ANP轨道部署策略(策略1与策略2),并评估其在最小化节点数量方面的性能。

实验结果

研究问题

  • RQ1如何计算ANP速度与传输范围,以确保在动态拓扑下骨干网络始终保持连续连通?
  • RQ2在任何时刻,为实现矩形空中走廊的完整三维覆盖,所需的最少ANP数量是多少?
  • RQ3ANP每轨道数量如何随走廊尺寸与覆盖半径变化?
  • RQ4哪种ANP轨道部署策略可使实现完整覆盖所需的ANP总数最少?
  • RQ5是否可使每轨道ANP数量在不同走廊尺寸与覆盖半径下保持恒定?

主要发现

  • 由于目标函数的数学最小化,每轨道ANP数量在任何情况下均最优固定为五个,与走廊长度、宽度、高度或覆盖半径无关。
  • 增加ANP覆盖半径($r_s$)可减少所需ANP数量($mn$),并增大轨道半径($r_o$),符合预期。
  • 增加空中走廊高度($H_{ac}$)会减小轨道半径($r_o$)并增加ANP总数($mn$),这是由于覆盖的几何约束所致。
  • 在所有测试情况下,ANP部署策略1的节点数量均低于策略2,仅在长度等于宽度时两者相同。
  • 最优轨道半径应在满足不变覆盖圆柱体高度至少等于走廊高度($H_{ac}$)的约束下尽可能最大化。
  • 可视化工具成功实时展示了ANP的动态移动、网络拓扑变化及演变的覆盖体积。

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